CALIFORNIA
FISH-GAME
"CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH EDUCATION"
VOLUME 48 OCTOBER, 1962 NUMBER 4
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u
D
V
VOLUME 48
OCTOBER, 1962
NUMBER 4
Published Quarterly by
THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
SACRAMENTO
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
EDMUND G. BROWN, Governor
THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA
WILLIAM H. WARNE, Administrator
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
WILLIAM P. ELSER, President, San Diego
JAMIE H. SMITH, Vice President HENRY CLINESCHMIDT, Member
Los Angeles Redding
DANTE J. NOMELLINI, Member
Stockton
THOMAS H. RICHARDS, JR., Member
Sacramento
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
WALTER T. SHANNON, Di'recfor
OFFICE— FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
722 Capitol Avenue
Sacramento 14
1001 Jedsmith Drive
Sacramento
1234 East Shaw Avenue
Fresno
627 Cypress Street
Redding
OFFICES— DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
722 Capitol Avenue
Sacramento 14
Ferry Building
San Francisco
217 West First Street
Los Angeles
51 1 Tuna Street
Terminal Island
407 West Line Street
Bishop
271 Tyler Street
Monterey
619 Second Street
Eureka
Room 12, North Ramp
Broadway Pier Building
San Diego
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Editorial Staff
JOHN E. FITCH, Editor-in-Chief
DAVID P. BORGESON, Editor for Inland Fisheries
ALBERT E. NAYLOR, Editor for Game
JOHN L. BAXTER, Editor for Marine Resources
DONALD H. FRY, JR., Editor for Salmon and Steelhead
Terminal Island
Sacramento
Sacramento
-Terminal Island
Sacramento
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
Page
A Sea Urchin, a Lobster and a Fish, New to the Marine Fauna of
California John E. Fitch 216
The Southern California Mackerel Fishery and Age Composition
of the Pacific Mackerel Catch for the 1958-59 Season
Harold Hyatt 222
California Sea Lion Census for 1958, 1960 and 1961
¥m. Ellis Ripley, Keith W. Cox and John L. Baxter 228
Age and Length Composition of the Sardine Catch off the Pacific
Coast of the United States and Mexico in 1959-60
Doyle E. Gates and Robert S. Wolf 232
The Nesting of Chromis punctipinnis (Cooper) and a Description
of Their Eggs and Larvae
Charles H. Turner and Earl E. Ebert 243
The Nesting Behavior, Eggs and Larvae of the Bluespot Goby
Earl E. Ebert and Charles H. Turner 249
Estimating the Number of Angling License Purchasers
Norman J. Abramson 253
Potential Profits in the California Salmon Fishery
Donald H. Fry, Jr. 256
The Response of Browse Plants to Fertilization
E. P. Gibbens and Rex D. Pieper 268
Note
The Occurrence and Distinction of Threadfin Shad in Southern
California Ocean Waters James C. Thomas 282
Retirement
Richard S. Croker 284
William C. LaMarr 285
Reviews 286
Index 289
(215)
-69171
A SEA URCHIN, A LOBSTER AND A FISH, NEW TO THE
MARINE FAUNA OF CALIFORNIA1
JOHN E. FITCH
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
Radovieh (1961) reported upon 11 southern species of fish that were
new to the marine fauna of California. These had strayed north during
the warm-water years 1957, 1958, and 1959. The lobster and the fish
being reported in this paper probably arrived in California during the
same period and on the same northerly moving currents that brought
many of the species discussed by Radovieh to our shores. The sea urchin,
on the other hand, may have arrived during an earlier influx of warm
water from the south.
CLUB-SPINED URCHIN, EUCIDARIS THOUARSII (VALENCIENNES)
(Figure 1)
During the first week of January 1958, Mr. Al Hanson, an experi-
enced diver from Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, saw a large urchin
that he did not recognize while he was diving in 70 feet of water off
St. Catherines Bay, just above Avalon. He collected the specimen and
took it home where he meticulously tied each spine to its nearest neigh-
bor in such a way that when dried every spine remained erect and
evenly spaced. When it no longer smelled, he sent it to the California
State Fisheries Laboratory where it was identified as a club-spined
urchin, a determination that was later verified by Mr. Fred Ziesenhenne
of the Allan Hancock Foundation.
Mortensen (1928) reported that club-spined urchins live in tropical
waters between Baja California (Cape San Lucas) and Panama and
at the Galapagos Islands, from the intertidal zone to depths of about
150 feet (45 meters). He stated that they are mainly a littoral form,
moving into the open at night to feed. At Espiritu Santo Island in the
(Jidf of California they are considered enemies of pearl oysters. Since
Mortensen found mostly mollusk shell fragments in their alimentary
tracts he believed the accounts of their predation on pearl oysters and
other shelled mollusks were true. Club-spined urchins in turn are
sometimes attacked by fishes, probably wrasses, triggerfishos and simi-
lar toothsome species. The larvae of these and most other urchins arc
pelagic and may drift many miles on the prevailing ocean currents
before settling down for an adult existence. The test of the largest
club-spined urchin encountered by Mortensen was 65 mm across.
Ziesenhenne (personal communication) informed me that among
more than 200 lots in the Allan Hancock Foundation collection, the
northernmost is from Consag Rock at the head of the Gulf of California.
1 Submitted for publication January 196 2.
I 216 I
ADDITIONS TO MARINE FAUNA
217
FIGURE 1. Club-spined urchin, Eucidaris thouarsii, from 70 feet of water off St. Catherines
Bay, Santa Catalina Island, California, January 1958. (Photo by Jack W. Schott.)
Other lots had come from as far south as La Libertad, Ecuador. He
said Eucidaris thouarsii had not been reported from the west coast of
Baja California but they had material in their collection from Clarion
and Socorro Islands in the Revilla Gigedos group and from Guadalupe
Island, Baja California, some 270 miles south of Santa Catalina Island.
Their largest measured 67 mm, two more than Mortensen's.
The test of the urchin collected by Mr. Hanson (Figure 1) was 72
mm in horizontal diameter by 53 mm deep. It had 10 rows of primary
spines with 10 spines in each row, eight long and two short. The longest
spine measured 48 by 7 mm. Thus the St. Catherines Bay urchin was
not only an extension of the known northerly range for the species and
new to the marine fauna of California, it represented a new size record
for E. thouarsii.
Without knowing their growth rates it would be foolish to assign a
definite date for the arrival of Hanson's specimen at Santa Catalina
Island as a larva; however, it is interesting to speculate upon two
possibilities. If the urchin had arrived during the first year of the most
218 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
recent warm-water period, 1957, its growth would have had to be phe-
nomenal to say the least. On the other hand, the most likely time of
entry prior to 1957 (1!'40 or 1!'41 ) would attribute a highly improbable
Longevity to the species.
The specimen was retained by Mr. Hanson who has a small, private
collection of marine organisms on display at Avalon.
PINTO LOBSTER, PANUURUS GRACILIS STREET
(Figure 2)
On January 17. 1961, Mr. Carl A. Magers, Jr., pulled a lobster trap
he had set near the San Diego harbor breakwater and found a Lobster
in it that differed from any he had caught previously. He took it to the
local Department of Fish and Game office where it was identified as a
pinto lobster, a species never before taken in California waters.
Pinto lobsters generally have been recorded from tropical waters
bounded by southern Baja California and Peru and at such offshore
islands as Cocos, the Galapagos, Clipperton, and the Revilla Gigedos;
however, definite records for the extremes of their range are difficult
to find.
Johnson (1960) showed alongshore distribution of California spiny
lobsters (P. interruptus) south to Magdalena Bay, Baja California. Al-
though some were found below Magdalena Bay, these were generally
offshore, in small numbers, and in late stages of their development.
Larvae of P. gracilis were intermixed with those of P. interruptus along
the Baja California coast north to about Pt. Eugenia.
During numerous cruises of Department of Fish and Game research
vessels, pinto lobster adults were often noted intermixed with California
spiny lobsters between Abreojos Point and Magdalena Bay. South of
Magdalena Bay only pinto lobsters have been seen or collected until
reaching the vicinity of the upper Gulf of California (Los Angeles
Bay, Tiburon Island, Guaymas, etc.) where P. interruptus again art-
encountered. In April 1948, during a survey of the Guadalupe Island
area w7e took fair numbers of P. gracilis in traps set at three localities
around the island. All were mature and no trap yielded any except
pinto lobsters, a situation that has never occurred since 1948. In fact,
I can find no record of anyone having taken a pinto lobster there, either
before or since 1948 ; the island 's lobster population is typically P.
intt rruptus.
If the 1948 pinto lobster population had arrived at Guadalupe Island
as drifting larvae from the south (the only plausible explanation for
their presence there), they probably were at least seven years old, since
the earliest previous warm-water year had been 1941 (Radovich 1961).
Johnson (1960) showed that the larval stages of P. interruptus drift
for seven and three-quarters months before settling to the bottom ;
those of P. gracilis probably drift equally as long. Seven and three-
quarters months would allow them more than enough time to drift the
500 miles from their usual nursery grounds off southern Baja Cali-
fornia to Guadalupe Island, even on a slow, meandering current (Reid
ci al., 1958).
Mr. Mager's pinto lobster (Figure 2) was a male, eight and one-
quarter inches (209 mm) long from the center of the rostrum to the
'ml of the tail; its carapace length (mid-rostrum to posterior margin)
ADDITIONS TO MARINE FAUNA
219
FIGURE 2.
Pinto lobster, Panulirus gracilis, taken in a lobster trap off the San Diego harbor
breakwater January 17, 1961. (Phoio by Jack W. Schoit.)
was 79.5 mm. This catch extended the known northern distribution
for the species by some 400 coastwise miles (Abreojos to San Diego)
or 220 straight-line miles (Guadalupe Island to San Diego). The
specimen was sent to Dr. Martin Johnson, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, who placed it in their collection.
22(1 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
PACIFIC FAT SLEEPER, DORMITATOR LATIFRONS (RICHARDSON)
(Figure 3)
Mr. Norm Sherman hooked and Landed a Pacific fat sleeper on
July 8, 1961, while he was fishing from the rocky shoreline near Palos
Verdes (Los Angeles County) using shrimp for bait. Mr. Sherman
dropped hi* catch into a metal ice chest partially filled with water
and thought no more of the incident until he was preparing to depart
for home and discovered it was .still alive. He kept it alive at home for
several days, adding fresh water as the level in the ice chest fell.
After about a week, the water had become so foul that Mr. Sherman
felt it necessary to change ii ; having no salt water handy he refilled
the ice chest from a freshwater tap. expecting to see the fish .succumb
at any minute. Instead, the fish survived the change and lived for
another week when Mr. Sherman took it to Harry's Bait and Tackle.
Playa Del Rev. to see if they could identify it for him. Mrs. Harry
Edilson, wife of the proprietor, called me and I arranged to have it
picked up and identified. With the assistance of Dr. Carl L. Hubbs,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, T was able to inform Mrs.
Edilson that it was a Pacific fat sleeper.
Follett (1961) reviewed the status of the species and listed their
distribution as Punta Lobos, two miles southwest of Todos S;mtos.
Baja California (770 miles below Palos Verdes. California', south to
Guayaquil. Ecuador. They typically inhabit freshwater but move
freely into saltwater and vice versa. In discussing finding a close
relative. Et<<>1rk picta, in a canal off the Colorado River in 1952,
Hubbs (1953) speculated that Dormitator latifrons might also stray
up the river into California but added none had yet been found as
far north as the Colorado Delta. That one would stray even a short
distance north along the riverless outer coast of Baja California
seemed highly unlikely. Mr. Sherman's catch, however, leaves little
doubt that such a movement did take place during the recent warm-
water period, a logical time for such a trip. Although one cannot
exclude the possibility that some well-meaning individual liberated
this fish in our ocean waters either as a ""joke" or because it had
FIGURE 3. Pacific fat sleeper, Dormitator latifrons, caught on hook and line at Palos Verdes,
California, July 8, 1961. (Photo by Jack W. Schott.)
ADDITIONS TO MARINE FAUNA 221
outgrown his aquarium, I prefer to believe it traveled northward with
water currents having suitable temperatures.
Mr. Sherman's fish (Figure 3) was an adult male 12 inches long
(230 mm s.l., 302 mm t.l.) weighing approximately three-quarters of
a pound (345 grams). There were six winter rings on the otoliths,
indicating an age of six years if these are annuli. Pacific fat sleepers
are supposed to attain lengths of 24 inches but there seems to be no
definite record of one that size. The Palos Verdes eleotrid had 35 rows
of scales along the lateral line and its radial formula, as determined
by Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, was D VIII— I, 8; A I, 9; C 15 (branched
rays + 2) or 13 articulated rays; F1 15—1, 13 (14); P2 I, 5—1, 5.
It was sent to UCLA and eventually will be deposited at Scripps
Institution of Oceanography.
REFERENCES
Follett, W. I.
1961. The fresh-water fishes — their origins and affinities. Systematic Zool., vol. 9,
nos. 3 and 4 (Sept.-Dec. 1960), pp. 212-232.
Hubbs, Carl L.
1953. Eleotris picta added to the fish fauna of California. Calif. Fish and Game,
vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 69-76.
Johnson, Martin W.
1960. Production and distribution of larvae of the spiny lobster, Panulirus in-
terrupts (Randall) with records on P. gracilis Streets. Bull. Scripps
Inst. Oceano., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 413-462.
Mortensen, Th.
1928. A monograph of the Echinoidea. I. Cidaroidea. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen,
550 pp.
Radovich, John
1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the northeast Pacific to water
temperatures, particularly during 1957 through 1959. Calif. Dept. Fish and
Game, Fish Bull. 112, 62 pp.
Reid, Joseph L., Jr., Gunnar I. Roden and John G. Wyllie
1958. Studies of the California current system. Cal. Mar. Res. Comm., Cal.
Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest., Prog. Rept.. 1 Jul. 56 — 1 Jan. 58, pp. 27-56.
THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MACKEREL FISHERY AND
AGE COMPOSITION OF THE PACIFIC MACKEREL
CATCH FOR THE 1958-59 SEASON1
HAROLD HYATT
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
This is the eighth report on the age composition of the Pacific mack-
erel (Pneumatophorus diego) catch. It covers landings for the 1958-59
season. The methods used in sampling, making age determinations,
and estimating numbers of fish and pounds landed are the same as
those used annually since the 1939-40 season (Fitch. 1951). Apprecia-
tion is extended to Mrs. Gertrude M. Cutler for her aid on the data
computations required for this study.
Commercial landings of Pacific mackerel at southern California
ports totaled only 24.2 million pounds during the season from May
1, 1958 to April 30, 1959, which were less than half those of the pre-
ceding season (Hyatt, 1960), and less than the 35 million-pound
seasonal average since 1947-48. During the 12-season period from
1934-35 to 1946-47 an average of about 85 million pounds was landed
annually.
The 1958-59 season began with moderate landings (2.3 million
pounds) in May. Landings declined after May, reached a low in Sep-
tember, then rose from October through December when half the
season's total was taken. After December, catches dropped off sharply
then increased slowly through April (Table 1).
TABLE 1
Pacific Mackerel Monthly Landings During the 1958-59 Season
Month
Pounds
Month
Pounds
May... 2,312,000
June 1,300,000
July 1,216,000
August... 1,528,000
September 765,000
October 2,775,000
November 3,909,000
December.. 5,322,000
January 919,000
February 133,000
March. 1,653,000
April... 2,343,000
From May through August, the canners paid fishermen $42.50 per
ton for Pacific mackerel; in September, the price was raised to $50
per ton.
At certain times during the season when the market is good or the
backlog of canned fish is low, the catch may be limited by the avail-
1 Submitted for publication July 1961.
( 222 )
PACIFIC MACKEREL AGE 223
able supply. At other times when the market is slow and inventories
build up, canners place limits on the tonnage accepted daily from each
boat. Such limits fluctuated from 20 to 90 tons during the 1958-59
season. Since the lower figure is approximately the capacity of a
lampara net boat, canner limits tend to favor the operations of these
smaller fishing boats over the large purse seiners whose capacities may
exceed 100 tons.
Most of the catches were made within a 30-mile radius of Los Angeles
Harbor. Moderate catches were made in the vicinity of Santa Cruz and
San Clemente Islands, and minor catches along the coast from Ocean-
side to San Diego, and offshore (Table 2).
TABLE 2
Origin of the Southern California Pacific Mackerel Catch in the 1958-59 Season
Locality Percent of catch
Santa Catalina Island 29.0
San Pedro to Oceanside 26.5
Santa Monica Bay 25.5
Santa Cruz Island Area 10.0
San Clemente Island 7.8
• Oceanside to San Diego and offshore 1.2
Total. 100.0
Fishing boats using purse seines or lampara nets caught 63 percent
of the tonnage. The remaining 37 percent was caught by scoop boats
whose loads varied from a few hundred pounds to several tons.
Lengths and weights were obtained from 6,178 Pacific mackerel
sampled during the season, and ages were determined from otoliths
removed from 898 of these fish (Table 3).
During the latter half of the season, fish younger than one year
were large enough to be caught in great numbers. These fish, the 1958
year-class, contributed 60 percent of the number taken (Table 4).
The second largest age group, comprising 18.5 percent of the num-
bers caught, was the three-year-old 1955 year-class which had domi-
nated the catch during the preceding two seasons. As two-year-old fish
in the 1957-58 season, they had supplied 50 percent of the catch ; and
had made up 60 percent as one-year-olds during 1956-57. The tonnage
landed in each of these seasons was more than twice that of the 1958-59
season.
Only 10.2 percent of the previous season's catch consisted of 1956 's,
but this was about twice as many individuals from that year-class as
were caught in 1958-59 when the contribution was 11.5 percent. It is
probable that future contributions of 1956 fish will be of minor impor-
tance since the contributions are heaviest from the first to the third
year of life (Tables 5 and 6) and percentages of this year-class have
been small in the catches of the past two years.
The 1957 year-class (one-year-olds) amounted to only 3.8 percent of
the 1958-59 season's landings. This may be one of the poorest year-
classes on record.
Fish four years old and older comprised only 5.5 percent of the
landings.
3—69171
224 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
TABLE 3
Fork Lengths of Pacific Mackerel in Quarter Centimeters at Each Age for the
1958-59 Season, Based on Otoliths Read
Age group
III
VI
4
3
2
3
6
4
9
3
6
9
8
12
4
4
8
ir,
18
10
10
14
11
13
18
9
16
11
8
19
14
12
1
1
1
1
6
5
2
4
4
11
7
6
3
13
11
10
17
10
10
7
PACIFIC MACKEREL AGE
225
TABLE 3— Continued
Fork Lengths of Pacific Mackerel in Quarter Centimeters at Each Age for the
1958-59 Seasor
, Based on Otoliths Read
Age group
}/i cm.
0
i
II
in
IV
V
VI
VII +
Total
135
--
l
2
6
3
4
5
1
4
3
4
3
4
2
4
2
1
1
1
8
7
11
9
4
12
6
11
1
5
3
7
4
5
1
3
2
2
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
5
7
4
2
5
4
4
7
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
6
13
7
17
8
19
9
140 -
8
20
1
17
2_.
23
3
8
4
145
11
11
6 _
19
7
9
8
16
9.
2
150
5
1.
10
2
5
3.
8
4..
6
155
1
6..
8
7
8.-
1
9_
3
160
1.
2_
3
1
Totals
354
64
136
237
73
25
7
2
898
The Pacific mackerel population seems to be at a low level ; the 1956
and 1957 year-classes appear to be below average and the 1955 year-
class represents the only mature class of any size in the fishery. The
population contains too few older fish to contribute much weight to the
catch. Therefore, the main support of the fishery will probably depend
on the apparently larger entering 1958 year-class. However, this year-
class may only appear numerous in comparison with the other weak
classes. In either event, the 1958 fish may not add substantially to the
TABLE 4
Calculated Number of Pacific Mackerel Landed in Age Groups 0 Through VI+
During the 1958-59 Season
Age group
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI+
Totals
1958
23,922,000
60.7
1957
1,511,000
3.8
1956
4,533,000
11.5
1955
7,300,000
18.5
1954
1,687,000
4.3
1953
295,000
.8
182,000
.4
Number of fish
Percentage of fish
39,430,000
100.00
226
CALIFORNIA FISII AND GAME
TABLE 5
Number of Pacific Mackerel Landed of Each Year-Class at Each Age from the
1939-40 Through the 1958-59 Seasons
Age group
Year-
class
0
I
II
Ill
IV
V
Totals
1934
5,340,000
1935
10,570,000
1,443,000
1936
35,130,000
13,551,000
970,000
1937
26,540,000
25,261,000
5,121,000
822,000
1938
25,200,000
69,322,000
25,661,000
5,271,000
1,082,000
126,536,000
1939
2,960,000
20,793,000
26,454,000
12,698,000
7,133,000
1,616,000
71,654,000
1940
2,313.000
12,507,000
9,204,000
10,156,000
7,712,000
3,328,000
45,220,000
1941
398,000
29,376,000
54,106,000
33,905,000
10,312,000
2,294,000
130,391,000
1942
0
12,462,000
19,047,000
10,259,000
4,661,000
2,019,000
48,448,000
1943
836,000
16,556,000
10,327,000
11,872,000
5,087,000
429,000
45,107,000
1944
0
14,302,000
25,823,000
10,943,000
1,105,000
584,000
52,757,000
1945
556,000
9,330,000
7,980,000
756,000
688,000
72,000
19,382,000
1946
560,000
1,377,000
3,175,000
4,279,000
937,000
218,000
10,546,000
1947
7,181,000
63,330,000
49,255,000
15,826,000
11,127,000
2,756,000
149,475,000
1948
1,061,000
21,818,000
19,228,000
13,871,000
9,484,000
307,000
65,829,000
1949
136,000
3,854,000
4,428,000
1,286,000
161,000
0
9,865,000
1950.
6,000
1,583,000
521,000
583,000
71,000
15,000
2,779,000
1951
769,000
46,000
475,000
208,000
204,000
62,000
1,764,000
1952
86,000
676,000
3,893,000
6,021,000
3,641,000
2,302,000
16,619,000
1953
12,237,000
40,036,000
21,156,000
14,641,000
8,100,000
295,000
96,525,000
1954
564,000
3,562,000
14,976,000
11,332,000
1,687,000
32,121,000
1955
4,237,000
49,429,000
30,487,000
7,300,000
91,453,000
1956
21,000
6,228,000
4,533,000
10,782,000
1957
1,386,000
1,511,000
2,897,000
1958 -
23,922,000
TABLE 6
Pounds of Pacific Mackerel Landed of Each Year-Class at Each Age from the
1939-40 Through the 1958-59 Seasons
Age group
Year-
class
0
I
II
Ill
IV
V
Totals
1934
6,851,000
1935.. ...
12,141,000
1,885,000
1936
31,946,000
14,592,000
1,414,000
1937.
19,306,000
22,163,000
7,015,000
1,178,000
1938
11,578,000
49,762,000
27,249,000
6,651,000
1,499,000
96,739,000
1939.
961,000
11,609,000
21,747,000
12,898,000
9,058,000
2,334,000
58,607,000
1940
853,000
7,564,000
7,809,000
10,743,000
10,139,000
4,809,000
41,(U7,000
1941
116,000
15,085,000
40,066,000
36,527,000
13,595,000
3,230,000
108,625,000
1942
0
7,912,000
16,208,000
11,453,000
6,225,000
2,863,000
44,661,000
1943
274,000
9,991,000
9,221,000
12,786,000
6,718,000
638,000
39,628,000
1944
0
7,296,000
22,530,000
13,035,000
1,484,000
852,000
45,197,000
1945
158,000
5,627,000
7,601,000
867,000
899,000
100,000
15,252,000
1946
129,000
1,015,000
2,365,000
4,070,000
1,078,000
290,000
8,947,000
1947
1,477,000
29,043,000
32,320,000
14,092,000
12,819,000
4,058,000
95,009,000
1948
248,000
8,612,000
13,591,000
13,327,000
12,583,000
637,000
48,998,000
1949
47,000
2,155,000
3,547,000
1,509,000
229,000
0
7,487,000
1950
1,000
802,000
474,000
687,000
90,000
24,000
2,078,000
1951
252,000
34,000
483,000
234,000
244,000
94,000
1,341,000
1952
33,000
463,000
3,063,000
6,034,000
4,394,000
3,112,000
17,099,000
1953
4,358,000
23,175.000
16,990,000
14,973,000
10,197,000
411,000
70,104,000
1954
94,000
l, <.u; I. in in
1 1 ,722,000
12,294,000
2,117,000
28,191,000
1955
1,270,000
25,940,000
24,552,000
8,194,000
59,950,000
1956
5,000
4,222,000
4,674,000
8,901,000
1957
466.000
897,000
1,363,000
1958
7,617,000
PACIFIC MACKEREL AGE
227
broodstock upon reaching maturity at 2\ years of age, after having
borne the brunt of the fishery throughout its early life.
REFERENCES
Fitch, John E.
1951. Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel 1939-
40 through 1950-51. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 83, 73 pp.
1953a. Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel for
the 1951-52 season. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 141-146.
1953b. Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel for
the 1952-53 season. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 553-558.
1955. Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel for
the 1953-54 season. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 107-112.
Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel for
the 1954-55 season. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 143-148.
Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel for
the two seasons, 1955-56 and 1956-57. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish
Bull. 106, pp. 19-26.
Hyatt, Harold
1960. Age composition of the southern California catch of Pacific mackerel,
Pneumatophorus diego for the 1957-58 season. Calif. Fish and Game, vol.
46, no. 2, pp. 183-188.
1956.
1958.
CALIFORNIA SEA LION CENSUS FOR 1958,
1960 AND 1961 x
WM. ELLIS RIPLEY
Marine Resources Branch
and
KEITH W. COX AND JOHN L. BAXTER
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
For over three-quarters of a century, sea lions along our shores have
created varying degrees of interest in their abundance and behavior.
Consequently, these animals have been counted intermittently since the
late 1 800 's.
Coastwide censuses have been made by the Department of Fish and
Game since 1927. Counting methods have been modified and the tallies
since 1946 do not have the same base as those prior to that time. In
fact, the substantial differences in techniques permit direct comparison
or evalution of the figures only with caution based upon an under-
standing of their limitations.
The persistent charge of devastation leveled at sea lions particularly
by sportsmen and commercial fishermen has made these animals the
subject of extensive criticism on one hand, and indulgent defense on
the other. It is our intent to discuss only the records and fluctuations
of the counts and to point out some of the factors complicating the
tallies but not to relate the details of the controversies.
Prior to 1946, censuses were made only on the larger rookeries, haul-
ing grounds and nearby areas (Bonnot and Ripley, 1948). Generally,
the sea lions on the rocks were counted from a boat by at least two
observers. In some cases, the observers would land and make their
tallies from vantage points. The counts of the two or more observers
were averaged. By this system it was possible to determine accurately
the species, to count only adults and subadults, and to eliminate pups
from the tallies. In the field, subadult males could not always be dis-
tinguished from females with accuracy. The species breakdown through
L938 is believed reliable because the counts through that year repre-
sented adults and subadults only.
In 1946, the census was made by a variety of observers and methods.
Both patrol personnel and marine biologists made direct observations
and took photographs from boats, airplanes and blimps. Thus a mixture
of surface tallies, which excluded pups, and aerial techniques, which
sometimes did not, created an aggregate count not comparable with
prior or subsequent ones. Species were not separated in the 1946 census
but for general purposes all north of Point Conception were considered
Steller sea linns. Eumetopias jubata, and those south of that point
California sea lions, Zalophus califomianus.
> Submitted for publication May 1962.
( 228 )
SEA LION CENSUS
229
The ranges of the two species overlap in central California but de-
tailed studies by Bartholomew and Boolootian (1960) showed less than
one-half of one percent Stellers on the southern California islands they
surveyed. Similarly, during the censuses when the species were sepa-
rated the percentage of Californias north of Point Conception was
insignificant. However, this does not imply that the population struc-
ture remains constant before or after the breeding season. According
to Fry (1939), Bartholomew and Boolootian (1960), and Orr and
Poulter (1962), the Californias appear to migrate widely and rapidly
between breeding seasons.
The 1947 census was made almost entirely from a Navy blimp, which
in the 1946 census, had proved excellent for observation. Photographs
were taken at slow ground speeds, at relatively low altitudes, and on
large, nine- by nine-inch negatives. Although species were not distin-
guished with precision, the pups were eliminated to a large degree from
nearly all counts. Unfortunately, an accident occurred during one
flight along the northern coast. The blimp was destroyed in a crash off
Cape Mendocino and, although no one was injured, photographs of
several rookeries were lost. These areas were resurveyed from a De-
partment plane. Faster ground speeds, higher altitudes and smaller
negatives made it impossible to distinguish with accuracy large pups
from small adults. Thus the 1947 census figures were a mixture of
mainly adult counts for most of the coast, and of adult and pup counts
for several northern California rookeries and hauling grounds.
FIGURE 1. Aerial photograph of sea lions and elephant seals on San Miguel Island, 1958.
The elephant seals are clustered mainly in the center of the sandspit.
230
CALIFORNIA FISTI AND GAME
Eleven years elapsed before the next survey in 1958. This and the
I960 and 1961 surveys were made by airplane using comparable tech-
niques (Figure 1). Counts were made from aerial photographs of the
larger concentrations while smaller groups were counted visually and
added to area totals. Adult and pup sea lions were included and no
attempt was made to distinguish species.
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
Unadjusted sea lion counts made in northern California since 1927
have varied from about 4,000 to slightly over 7,000 per year (Table 1).
The apparent increases since 1938 may largely reflect our having in-
cluded pups plus the more complete coverage we obtained by aerial
methods. For the most part, northern California counts were Stellers.
The trends reflect a fairly stable population with some minor changes
probably associated with emigration out of, or immigration into, the
census area.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
The southern California sea lion population has definitely increased,
containing over 18,000 animals during the 1961 survey (Table 1). Un-
fortunately, no counts were possible in southern California in 1960
because of unsuitable weather during the census period. However, the
1958 and 1961 results showed significant increases of California sea
lions, particularly in three areas: the rookeries of San Miguel, San
Clemente, and San Nicolas Islands.
TABLE 1
Number of Sea Lions Counted on Rookeries and Hauling Grounds 1927-1961
Locality
1927
1928
1930
1936
1938
1946
1947
1958
1960*
1961
St. George Reef to Cape
2,400
300
150
706
1,500
557
1,511
206
42
540
1,500
270
337
1,600
300
928
2,500
209
357
1,452
142
54
4
525
1,200
338
509
918
6
2
447
2,000
191
415
902
148
111
59
950
1,900
402
696
825
40
102
50
750
2,050
403
836
1,321
1,050
936
90
941
1,170
517
1,028
1,219
464
625
9
1,290
1,350
311
504
907
To Pt. Arena...
781
To Pt. Reye«.._
795
To Pigeon Point
23
703
2,342
To Pt. Lobos
To Pt. Conception.
230
894
Nortliern Ca ifornia
To Pt. Loma (Mainland) .
S:tn Miguel Island
Santa Rosa Island
Santa Cruz Island
Anacapa Island
Santa Barbara Island
San Clemente Island
Santa Catalina Island
San Nicolas Island
5,613
744
49
233
34
1 25
265
Not
visited
4,406
1,021
38
203
27
327
251
Not
visited
5,894
825
12
208
11
8
347
Not
visited
4,224
1,879
52
200
11
600
435
Not
visited
3,979
2,706
20
141
10
500
490
15
Not
visited
5,168
36
2,819
1,075
81
2,056
883
104
284
5,056
30
1,600
100
1,000
250
20
660
7,053
164
5,192
295
262
45
1,847
1,507
233
3,074
5,772
6,675
33
9,512
15
15
1,760
2,361
30
4,637
Southern California
1,450
1,867
1,411
3,177
3,882
7,338
3,660
12,619
--
18,363
All California
7,063
6,273
7,305
7,401
7,861
12, 506
S,71(i
19,672
--
_'.-,,< i:-;s
• No census of southern California taken.
SEA LION CENSUS 231
Excluding the effects of environment, two factors may be related to
their increase. The first is associated with seclusion. Several areas
where increases have occurred are remote places not normally fre-
quented by the general public. Some are accessible only to military
personnel.
The second factor may be related to stress. During and subsequent
to World "War II many areas frequented by sea lions were used for
military training. Air to ground gunnery ranges were established and
considerable disturbance took place on the islands in preparation for
amphibious activity. Practice gunnery by trainee fighter pilots un-
doubtedly frightened the sea lions and contributed to a reduction in
their numbers on these particular islands. During the 1946 and 1947
surveys, sea lion herds were very jumpy and reacted wildly to the
approach of an airplane. Although frightened by the noise and the
size of the blimp, they were not nearly as panicky when it approached.
The reaction of the sea lions to an airplane was not so violent during
the 1958 and 1961 censuses. Apparently the passage of years since the
wartime activity and new generations of sea lions in the population
have decreased the intensity of the herd's response to low-flying air-
craft. To a lesser degree, in certain isolated northern California areas,
the reaction of the Stellers immediately after the war was similar to
that of the Californias on the southern California islands. Thus, the
activities associated with wartime training may have kept sea lion
numbers down during and immediately following World War II. Varia-
tions in the environment and food supply also may have affected the
population, just how is not known.
SUMMARY
Ten sea lion censuses were made in California between 1927 and
1961. The population has fluctuated, being highest in northern Cali-
fornia during 1958. In southern California, the peak of abundance was
in 1961 when over 18,000 sea lions were on the southern California
offshore islands. Changes in their abundance may have been due to
increased immigation into southern California, to a lessening of
harassment by man or to environmental factors.
REFERENCES
Bonnot, Paul and Wm. Ellis Ripley
1948. The California sea lion census for 1947. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 34,
no. 3, pp. 89-92.
Bartholomew, George A. and Richard A. Boolootian
1960. Numbers and population structure of the pinnipeds on the California
Channel Islands. Jour. Mamm., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 366-375.
Fry, Donald H., Jr.
i.939. A winter influx of sea lions from Lower California. Calif. Fish and Game,
vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 245-250.
Orr, Robert T. and Thomas C. Poulter -
1962. Ano Nuevo Marine Biological Park. Pac. Disc, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 13-19.
AGE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION OF THE SARDINE
CATCH OFF THE PACIFIC COAST OF THE UNITED
STATES AND MEXICO IN 1 959-60 '
DOYLE E. GATES
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
ROBERT S. WOLF
United States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
INTRODUCTION
This report, the 14th on age and length composition of the catch of
Pacific sardines (Sardinops caerulea) off the Pacific Coast of North
America, resulted from one phase of the research conducted by the
California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations. Two CalCOFI
agencies, the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, have prepared these reports jointly
on a seasonal basis since the 1941-42 sardine season (Wolf, et al., 1961).
The assistance of Anita E. Daugherty and Clark Blunt, of the Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game ; and John MacGregor and
Makoto Kimura of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, is grate-
fully acknowledged.
THE FISHERY
During the 1959-60 season, the 128-boat California sardine fleet
landed 15,418 tons in central California and 20,335 in southern Cali-
fornia for a total of 35,753. Approximately 8,113 of the 22,400 tons
landed by the Mexican fleet were netted during a period comparable
to the California season making a coastwide season total of 43,866 tons.
This was less than half of the 110,414 tons landed the preceding season.
The catch was restricted little by cannery-imposed limits on individ-
ual boat trips. Limits, when imposed, ranged from 40 to 100 tons per
boat per trip.
Central California
As in the previous year, the legal canning season in central Cali-
fornia extended from August 1 through December 31. The seasons are
set by California law, with Point Arguello as the central-southern area
dividing line (Figure 2).
A price dispute deterred the fleet from fishing through all of August.
On September 1, agreement was reached with five of the seven Monte-
rey area canners, setting the price at $35 per ton for sardines and at
$50 for mixed loads of sardines and mackerel.
Pishing began the night of September 1. and 1,571 tons were landed
during the "September" dark-of-the-moon period. Lunar months are
1 Submitted for publication May 1962.
(232 )
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH
233
FIGURE 1.
A typical California sardine purse seiner that has just completed a haul.
graph by Anita E. Dougherty, October, 1958.)
(Photo-
Set in quotation marks to distinguish them from the calendar months
they approximate (Table 1). Almost equal tonnages were landed in
"October," "November" and "December"— 4,500, 4,000 and 4,400—
and 800 in "January" giving a total through December 31 of 15,418,
about 9,000 tons less than the preceding season.
The lower catch was caused in part by the late fishing start, and by
inclement weather throughout much of September and October.
Ninety-four percent of the central California catch originated in or
near Monterey Bay ; the remainder was caught in the Morro Bay-Avila
area and trucked to Monterey area processing plants. During the pre-
vious season, about two-thirds of the catch was netted off Morro Bay
and Avila. In 1959, as in 1958, the fishermen paid the cost of shipping
sardines from the Morro Bay area to the processing plants.
Seven canners processed the central California catch : five in Monte-
rey, one in Moss Landing, and one in San Francisco. The fleet consisted
of 13 large purse seiners (60 feet or over), 5 small purse seiners, and
20 lampara boats.
234
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
1959-60 SARDINE CATCH
AGE COMPOSITION BY AREA AND LUNAR PERIODS
CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
"OCT."
"DEC"
2 3 4+ 2 3 4 + Z 3 4+ 2 3 4+ 2 3 4+ 2 3 4 +
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
»-
z
UJ
. "SEPT."
1
"OCT."
"NOV."
"dec"
"JAN." .
L
UJ
5.
ii
1..
1.1
L.
SEASON
TOTAL
1
. 3 4+
1 2 3 4+ 1 2 3 4+ 1 2 3 4+ 1 2 3 4+
BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
1
3 4 +
z
UJ
"S
:pt."
"OCT."
■
"NOV!'
I
"l
iEC."
JAN" _
. SE
TC
4S0N .
TAL
UJ
Q.
1
1.
If.
ll.
1
1.
i
1.
1
1
AGE
YEAR CLASS
I 2 3 4+ I 2 3 4+ I 2 3 4+ I 2 3 4+ I 2 3 4+ 12 3 4+
+INDICATES FOUR YEARS AND OLDER
HJlNDICATES FISHING AREAS
FIGURE 2. The sardine catch age composition by geographical area and lunar month periods.
Major fishing areas are shaded.
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH 235
Southern California
The southern sardine region extends from Point Arguello to the
U.S.-Mexican border. The legal season began one month later than off
the central coast, extending from September 1 through December 31.
Although a few boats fished during September, the entire fleet did not
fish until the night of October 4 due to price negotiations. At that
time, the price was set at $35 per ton, the same as in central California.
For the second consecutive season, sardines were netted in the north-
west portion of the region, with a few taken from the coastal area
between San Pedro south to San Diego. Forty percent of the catches,
as determined by fishermen interviews, originated in the expanse from
the City of Santa Barbara to Point Mugu and offshore in the Santa
Cruz Island-Anacapa Island area; 34 percent from Point Dume to
Point Vicente and in Santa Monica Bay; 22 percent from southern
Channel Island waters (Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, San Clemente,
and San Nicolas Islands) ; and 4 percent from the coastal area south
of San Pedro.
Only 844 tons were landed during the "September" dark. Approx-
imately 6,000 were netted in "October" which together with the 9,828
in "November" comprised 78 percent of the southern California total.
About 2,500 tons were netted in "December" and 1,200 in "January"
for a total southern California catch of approximately 20,335 tons.
Nine canners processed the southern California catch: eight in the
Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbor area and one at Oxnard. Ninety boats
supplied these processors, a decrease of 29 vessels from the previous
season. The fleet consisted of 63 purse seiners (56 large, 7 small) and
27 lampara boats.
Baja California
There is year-round fishing for sardines off the Pacific coast of Baja
California. During 1959, approximately 22,400 tons were netted by
20 Mexican purse seiners, 8,113 during the "September" through
"January" darks. The catch was processed by eight canneries.
Mexican fishermen, operating cannery-owned boats, received a price
equivalent to $15.10 (U.S. currency) per metric ton for sardines and
mackerel. A few American seine fishermen from San Pedro and San
Diego who delivered to Mexican canneries were paid $32.80 per metric
ton for their fish. Sardines and mackerels used for reduction yielded
fishermen $10.04 per metric ton.
The Baja California catch was netted in three general fishing areas :
Ensenada, San Quintin, and Cedros Island (Figure 2). The six can-
neries at Ensenada were supplied by 14 boats fishing between Los
Coronados Islands and Cape Colnett. A cannery at San Quintin op-
erated two company-owned seiners in and around San Quintin Bay
and the Cedros Island cannery took fish from four vessels which netted
their catches in the area from northern Sebastian Vizcaino Bay to
Turtle Bay.
AGE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION
Lunar month summaries were used to obtain the year-class composi-
tion of the total catch following a method described by Felin and
Phillips (1948). Inherent in the method are weight-per-fish factors
computed each lunar week for each area. The average weights for this
236 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
season were : central California 0.2449 pound, southern California
0.2041 pound, and Baja California 0.1487 pound.
The 708 fish aged from the centra] California catch were 2 through
5 years old and ranged from 194 to 256 mm standard length (Table 2).
In southern California, the 657 fish aged were 1 through 6 with lengths
of 166 to 238 mm (Table 3). Ages ranged from 1 through 5 for 470 fish
from Baja California samples taken during the California season; their
lengths ranged from 136 to 236 mm (Table 4). During 1 he Baja Cali-
fornia interseason, the 866 fish aged were 1 through 8 years old and
142 through 222 mm long (Table 5).
Two- and three-year-old fish constituted 92 percent of the 115,943,000
sardines caught in central California (Figure 2 and Table 6). The
three-year-old 1956 year-class contributed 54 percent and the two-year-
old 1957 year-class, 38 percent. There was little change in length or
age composition between lunar periods.
In southern California, the 1957 year-class as two-year-olds con-
tributed 60 percent of the 202,095.000 sardines caught, the three-year-
old 1956 year-class 23 percent, and the one-year-old 1958 's 12 percent
(Figure 2 and Table 6).
In Baja California, during the California season, the 1957 year-class
supplied 61 percent of the 118,672,000 fish netted (Table 6). One-year-
olds, of the 1958 year-class, contributed 20 percent and three-year-olds,
the 1956 year-class, 18 percent.
During the interseason, from January 1 to September 1, the Baja
California catch of 189,008,000 sardines contained 47 percent three-
year-olds, 1956 year-class (Table 7). The two-year-old 1957 year-class
contributed 39 percent and the four-year-old 1955 's, 8 percent.
TABLE 1
Calendar Dates of Lunar Months During 1959
Lunar month Lunar period1 Dates
"January" 485 December 25- January 23
"February" 486 January 24-February 21
"March" 487 February 22-March 23
"April" 488 March 24-April 22
"May" 489 April 23-May 22
" June " 490 May 23-June 20
"July" 491 June 21-July 20
"August".. 492 July 21-August 18
"September" 493 August 19-September 17
"October" 494 September 18-October 16
"November" 495 October 17-November 15
"December" 496 November 16-December 14
"January" 497 December 15- January 122
1 Lunar periods have been numbered serially since "November" of the 1919-20 season.
2 All commercial sardine fishing was considered to end on December 31.
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH
237
REFERENCES
Felin, Frances E. and Julius B. Phillips
1948. Age and length composition of the sardine catch off the Pacific coast of the
United States and Canada, 1941-42 through 1946-47, California Division of
Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 69, 122 pp.
Wolf, Robert S. and Anita E. Daugherty
1961. Age and length composition of the sardine catch off the Pacific coast of the
United States and Mexico in 1958-59, California Fish and Game, vol. 47,
no. 3, pp. 273-285.
TABLE 2
Length Composition of Year-Classes in Sardine Samples from the Central California
Commercial Catch, 1959-60 Season
Age
2
3
4
5
6
Year-class
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
Total
Standard length mm
194...
5
7
10
11
27
32
40
37
34
27
15
16
7
7
2
4
1
2
5
9
17
22
24
44
51
48
33
36
29
27
8
8
5
5
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
3
3
7
10
7
1
3
2
2
2
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
--
1
196
7
198
12
200
20
202.
28
204
51
206
59
208
87
210
96
212
93
214
67
216
52
218
48
220 '..
36
222
17
224
12
226.
9
228
5
230
1
232
2
234
2
236
238 ...
1
0
240
0
242
244
0
0
246
1
248
250
0
0
252
254
0
0
256
1
Totals
281
210
377
212
48
215
2
211
--
708
211
238 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
TABLE 3
Length Composition of Year-Classes in Sardine Samples from the Southern California
Commercial Catch, 1959-60 Season
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
Year-class
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
Total
Standard length mm
166 -
1
0
0
4
0
7
8
3
15
7
4
6
3
4
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
4
13
6
17
24
13
18
16
20
25
19
20
21
16
19
30
25
27
9
17
13
8
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
3
7
9
4
12
12
8
14
23
17
13
12
8
5
2
2
0
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
2
2
0
1
2
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
168
1
170 _ -
3
172 «
8
174... -- ---
2
176 -
20
178 - -
15
180
21
182 -
41
184
21
186
23
188 -
27
190 . -
27
192 --- --
37
194 . ---
31
196 . - -
27
198 ._ -
36
200 . - -
31
202 - - -
29
204 -
46
206 - -- --
50
208
45
210 --
23
212
31
214
25
216
15
218 -- -- -
3
220 --
5
222 ._ --
3
224 -- --
3
226 --
1
228
0
230..
1
232
2
234... .-- -
0
236 .-
1
238 -.-
2
Totals ---'-
67
183
389
196
169
204
28
207
3
230
1
222
657
197
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH
TABLE 4
Length Composition of Year-Classes in Sardine Samples from the Baja California
Commercial Catch, 1959-60 ("September" through "December")
239
Age
1
2
3
4
5
Year-class
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
Total
Standard length mm
136
1
1
0
1
3
0
4
2
6
10
7
15
11
7
7
8
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
3
2
6
7
12
16
18
26
22
16
31
17
16
18
12
12
11
6
6
2
4
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
3
1
3
1
8
4
5
10
13
7
7
8
8
5
5
2
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
138 --.
1
140
0
142
1
144 .. ... ...
4
146
0
148
6
150.
5
152.
8
154
16
156
14
158
29
160
30
162
28
164...
34
166...
33
168 ..
19
170 __
39
172
23
174...
21
176
28
178.
26
180
22
182 ..
18
184 .
14
186
16
188
7
190
9
192
4
194
2
196
2
198
3
200
2
202
1
204
0
206
1
208.
0
210
2
236..
1
Totals
88
158
273
170
100
179
8
190
1
236
470
170
4—69171
240 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
TABLE 5
Length Composition of Year-Classes in Sardine Samples from the 1959 Baja California
Interseason Catch ("January"-"August )
Year-class
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
1951
Total
Standard
length mm
142
1
0
1
1
3
3
2
6
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
1
1
6
3
11
13
20
12
22
14
19
12
18
12
21
16
11
10
19
9
20
19
8
8
4
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
5
10
8
9
9
13
11
8
15
12
16
19
12
35
32
35
37
38
38
20
15
12
6
4
3
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
0
7
5
7
4
5
9
5
6
4
5
5
2
4
0
0
4
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
144
0
146
4
148
2
150 _.
4
152
154...
10
6
156 -
18
158.--
19
160 .
31
162.
21
164 .
34
166...
23
168
34
170
24
172...
28
174
28
176.-. --
34
178 .
33
180..
33
182..
23
184...
54
186...
48
188
190...
192
194.
60
63
51
51
196...
34
198...
24
200...
19
202
12
204.
11
206...
10
208
4
210
7
212
1
214
0
216
5
218-.
0
220
1
222.
1
Totals
24
157
321
174
430
185
84
195
4
209
1
196
1
212
1
192
866
Mean lengths. -
181
SARDINE AGE AND LENGTH
241
TABLE 6
Age and Year-Class Composition of the Sardine Catch in the 1959-60 Season
Catch
Number of fish in thousands by age and year-class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Tons
Number
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
Central California
"August"
1.571
4,544
4,068
4,435
800
11,274
34,049
31,439
33,083
6,098
-
4,882
15,186
12,953
9,065
2,122
5,998
16,684
16,129
20,511
3,537
304
2,179
2,106
3,408
341
90
220
99
98
31
Total Central California
15,418
844
5,942
9,828
2,531
1,190
115,943
100.0
6,853
60,039
100,581
24,473
10,149
774
8,045
12,372
3,573
142
44,208
38.1
3,934
32,661
65,177
14,684
5,277
62,859
54.2
2,145
16,571
19,412
5,188
3,715
8,338
7.2
2,642
2,917
979
873
507
0.5
60
603
49
112
31
60
100
-
Southern California
"
30
Total Southern California.-- ..
20,335
35,753
1,326
2,405
2,017
1,545
820
202,095
100.0
318,038
100.0
20,051
35,874
31,054
20,721
10,972
24,906
12.3
24,906
7.8
3,887
9,354
7,134
2,215
1,132
121,733
60.2
165,941
52.2
12,413
19,893
18,059
14,289
7,462
47,031
23.3
109,890
34.6
3,220
6,360
5,694
3,951
2,224
7,411
3.7
15,749
4.9
531
267
167
85
52
824
0.4
1,331
0.4
181
102
160
0.1
191
0.1
30
Total California
30
Baja California3
"
"
8,113
43,866
118,672
100.0
436,710
100.0
23,722
20.0
48,628
11.1
72,116
60.8
238,057
54.5
21,449
18.1
131,339
30.1
1,102
0.9
16,851
3.9
283
0.2
1,614
0.4
191
Percent
""
TOTAL
30
1 Price dispute, vessels did not fish.
a December 15 to January 1 only.
8 Includes data from Ensenada, San Quintln and Cedros Island.
242
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
TABLE 7
Year-Class Composition of the 1959 Interseason Sardine Catch for Baja California
Catch
Number of fish
in thousands by age and year-class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Lunar month
Tons
Number
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
1951
1,298
1,147
1,255
1,317
821
4,634
1,792
1,646
415
19,804
16,350
17,591
19,407
12,315
60,207
20,680
18,100
4,554
1,296
6,337
419
7«6
415
9,169
3,705
4,363
9,845
5,187
25,351
5,869
8,812
2,168
10,535
10,240
10,550
7,621
5,184
25,349
11,597
6,900
1,653
80
2,405
2,273
1,494
648
3,170
2,795
1,155
318
20
289
447
116
•May"
"July"
447
"September "2
-
TOTAL
14,325
189.00S
100.0
9,253
4.9
74,469
39.4
89,629
47.4
14,338
7.6
309
0.2
447
0.2
116
0.1
447
0.2
1 From January 1 only.
s To September 1 only.
THE NESTING OF CHROMIS PUNCTIPINNIS (COOPER)
AND A DESCRIPTION OF THEIR EGGS AND LARVAE1
CHARLES H. TURNER
end
EARL E. EBERT
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
The damselfish family Pomacentridae is represented along our Cali-
fornia coast by two commercially unimportant species, the very colorful
and pugnacious garibaldi, Hypsypops rulicunda, and the less colorful
1 Submitted for publication June 1962. This work was made possible with Federal Aid
to Pish Restoration Funds, Dingell- Johnson Project F17R, "Ocean Fish Habitat
Development."
FIGURE 1. A male blacksmith (center left) nudging and biting a gravid female, forcing her
into his nest site. (Photo by Charles H. Turner.)
(243)
244
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
FIGURE 2. With the spawned-out female's departure, the male immediately positions himself
in the cave entrance, protecting the nest from intruders and fanning the eggs. ("Photo by
Charles H. Turner.)
but equally pugnacious blacksmith, Chromis punctipinnis. Garibaldis
(sometimes called ocean goldfish) are protected by law but it is legal
to take blacksmiths. Although their flesh is good quality, they are taken
only incidentally by fishermen; their small mouths make them difficult
to catch. Characteristically, pomacentrids are oviparous and construct
nests which are closely guarded by the males (Breder, 1933).
While diving at Santa Catalina Island during the summer of 1961,
the nesting behavior of Chromis punctipinnis was observed — a phe-
nomenon not previously described.
We first noted blacksmith nests at Harbor Reef, Santa Catalina Is-
land in July and August, 1961. This reef, consisting of large shale
shelves interspersed with scattered 15- to 30-pound rocks, rises to the
surface from depths of over 100 feet. Blacksmiths were building nests
under these 15- to 30-pound rocks from 12 to at least 80 feet beneath
the surface, but most nesting was between 40 and 50 feet. Several dives
were made at other localities along the inshore side of Santa Catalina
Island but no other nests were located ; however, nesting behavior was
BLACKSMITH NESTING
245
FIGURE 3. A nest-guarding male exhibiting "masking" around the eyes. (Photo by Charles
H. Turner.)
exhibited by adult male blacksmiths at some of those sites. The bottom
around the Harbor Reef is ideally suited for observing the nesting
habits of C. punctipinnis.
Nests were constructed under rock ledges or under the 15- to 30-
pound rocks that provided small caves. A male would first clean an
area well back under the cave roof and then force a gravid mature
female into the site by nudging and biting her. We could not observe
actual egg deposition because the nest entrances were singular and
small; however, the eggs were attached by adhesive filaments to the
previously cleaned area of the cave roof. After the spawned-out female
departed, the male would position himself in the nest opening, fanning
the eggs with his tail and keeping out predators by his pugnacious
behavior.
Temperatures at the nesting area ranged from 10.0° C to 18.0° C, de-
pending upon depth and day.
The nestguarding males undergo a very conspicuous color change.
From their normal bluish-grey with black flecks along the sides, they
transform into a very pale, almost white, mottled grey. Two pronounced
dark bands, each about one-quarter inch wide, show up dorsal and
slightly anterior to the eyes, giving Chromis a "masked" appearance
(Figure 3). If a male is driven from his nest, he quickly resumes
normal coloration.
Whenever a male was driven from a nest site, fish converged on the
unguarded nest and devoured eggs in a wild frenzy. Leading the assault
246
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
were other blacksmiths who seemed to relish the eggs, particularly-
mature ones. Other fish preying on the eggs were serioritas, Oxyjulis
calif or nica, sheepheads, Pimelometopon pulchrum, and garibaldis. The
returning male was very aggressive towards these fish regardless of
their size.
Immature eggs were apparently easily guarded by the male; how-
ever, when the first hatching larvae swam out of the nest cave they
attracted predators to the area. Blacksmiths and other fish then
ganged-up on the nesting male. The larvae were eaten as they left the
cave and the predators tried to swim down this "food stream," past
the guarding male, to its source.
Although Limbaugh (1955) excised cherry red eggs from mature
females in June and July, he was unable to locate their nests. We found
that the freshly spawned eggs were salmon pink in color, oblong in
shape, and had up to seven filaments at one end. The egg filaments
attached to each other in such a way they formed a larger central cord
which adhered to the substrate. A nest was composed of numerous cords
eft.
FIGURE 4. When the rocky roof of the nest site is overturned the strings of eggs (arrow)
are easily visible. Blacksmiths "flock" to the unguarded nest to feed upon the eggs. (Photo
by Charles H. Turner.)
BLACKSMITH NESTING
247
FIGURE 5.
An entire egg mass just after its removal from the nest site. For size comparison
the white sheet is 8 by 1 1 inches. (Photo by Charles H. Turner.)
and had the appearance of several bunches of tiny grapes. Fifty eggs
were randomly sampled from one nest, these averaged 1.22 mm long,
ranging from 1.14 to 1.32 mm. We estimated there were 615,000 eggs
per nest and because of these numbers and the fact they were in several
stages of development we felt that at least two, and probably three or
four, females had been induced to spawn at each nest. Such large
numbers are usually atypical for nest-building species.
As C. punctipinnis eggs mature, they become opaque and whitish;
eyes show up as black spots inside each egg. Just prior to hatching the
entire egg mass appears greyish because of the eyes and numerous
melanophores that have developed along the ventral surface of the
embryo. Newly-hatched larvae are about 3.06 mm long. In these, the
mouth is terminal, the anal area is well-forward, the yolk sac is almost
gone, and the finfold is continuous around the body — only the pectoral
fins are differentiated (Figure 7). Blacksmith larvae and juveniles to
one-half inch long were noted in the area during all of our observa-
tions. The young are bi-colored : anteriorly a bluish-grey and posteriorly
a brassy orange. We commonly have observed one-inch long specimens
248
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
in Santa Monica Bay during October and November where they form
loose small schools and remain close to protective cover. Limbaugh
(1955) reported that blacksmiths mature at 5.5 inches at a probable
age of two years. The largest specimens we have observed were about
12 inches. An 11^ incher taken in Monterey Bay was in its 7th year; it
had first spawned in its third year.
FIGURE 6. Eggs from one nest in four different developmental stages on August 2, 1961.
FIGURE 7. Just-hatched larva, 3.06 mm total length.
LITERATURE CITED
Breder, C. M. Jr., and C. W. Coates
1933. Reproduction and eggs of Pomacentrus leucoris. Amer. Mus. Nov., no. 612,
pp. 1-6.
Limbaugh, Conrad
1955. Fish life in the kelp beds and the effects of kelp harvesting. Univ. Calif.,
La Jolla, I.M.R. Ref. 55-9, 158 pp.
THE NESTING BEHAVIOR, EGGS AND LARVAE
OF THE BLUESPOT GOBY1
EARL E. EBERT
and
CHARLES H. TURNER
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
Bluespot gobies, Coryphopterus nicholsi (Bean), belong to the widely-
distributed fish family Gobiidae, a group inhabiting tropical and tem-
perate waters throughout the world; 12 species of gobies have been
recorded from California waters (Roedel, 1953). Gobies are char-
acterized by having their pelvic fins completely joined to each other.
Coryphopterus can be distinguished from other local gobies by its
big scales, dark crested dorsal and large black eyes. A fleshy dorsal
1 Submitted for publication June 1962. This work was made possible with Federal Aid
to Fish Restoration Funds, Dingell-Johnson Project Calif. F17R, "Ocean Fish
Habitat Development."
FIGURE 1. A 4-inch adult bluespot goby in its nesting area. (Photo by Charles H. Turner.)
(249)
250 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
ridge extends from just behind the eyes to the insertion of the slightly-
elongated dorsal fin. Underwater it is grey-white to pale yellow in color.
The pelvic fins, usually dusky, darken on the male during the breeding
season. Adults attain maximum lengths of about 6 inches.
Bluespot gobies range from San Martin Island, Baja California, to
British Columbia and adults live intertidally and to depths over 200
feet (Limbaugh, 1955). Although adults are usually considered bottom
dwellers, juveniles are occasionally taken in plankton nets far at sea.
One inch-long juvenile was found in the stomach of an albacore caught
on Davidson Seamount, 60 miles SW of Point Sur. Although this sea-
mount rises to within 745 fathoms of the surface it is surrounded on all
sides by 2000-fathom water.
Apparently Coryphopterus nicholsi is an old inhabitant of our
waters; fossil otoliths have been identified from the San Diego forma-
tion, a Pliocene deposit estimated between 8 and 12 million years old.
Additional fossil otoliths, 20 in material screened from Timms Point,
San Pedro (Lower Pleistoscene) and 1 from Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles
(Upper Pleistocene), attest to its antiquity (John E. Fitch, personal
communication) .
Although eggs and larvae of some western Atlantic gobiids have been
described (Hildebrand, 1938), nothing has been recorded for Cory-
phopterus.
We made all field observations while using SCUBA (self contained
underwater breathing apparatus) in Santa Monica Bay while rou-
tinely checking artificial reefs placed at strategic localities through-
out the bay. Entire nests were brought to the laboratory and the eggs
placed in 5 percent formalin. Drawings were made from preserved ma-
terial.
We observed breeding during the spring, summer and fall and found
nests from April through October. These were off Hermosa Beach and
Santa Monica in 60 feet of water, attached to the undersides of rocks
on our artificial reefs. Water temperatures at the nest sites ranged from
12.9° to 14.6°C.
We noted that males would select a rock for a nest site, hollow out a
small depression beneath it, and then clean its underside; later the
female would attach her eggs to this cleaned undersurface (Figure 2).
During courtship, the male would rise straight off the bottom a few
inches and settle back again, attracting the female's attention by
spreading his dorsal and blackened pelvic fins which are quite striking
at this time.
In an aquarium, a male frantically rushed across the tank at a female
and then returned to his starting place apparently in an attempt to
stimulate her and force her into the nest area he had selected. (David
Powell, Marineland of the Pacific, pers. commun.)
After the female attaches her eggs, the male remains on guard and
fans the nest to keep water circulating around the eggs. When dis-
turbed, he will retreat into the "nest-cave" to protect his family. If
the nest site is molested, the male swims away about a yard, becomes
quite excited, and will not return to the "nest-cave" for several
minutes.
Nests average 4 inches in diameter, are roughly circular, and are
made up of a single layer of eggs. The oblong eggs, pointed at both
GOBY NESTING
251
N'JO
FIGURE 2. By overturning the nest-cave roof, the single-layered nest of eggs (outlined) is
visible. A sheephead and rockfish, upper left, are showing considerable interest in the exposed
nest. (Photo by Charles H. Turner.)
ends, are attached directly to the rock but do not have adhesive threads.
Immature eggs gave the nest a faded-pink appearance while mature
nests were greyish due to pigment on the developing embryos.
The earliest stages we observed were of recently differentiated em-
bryos at a time when the yolk filled only a small portion of the egg
sac. Excess space is rapidly used as the embryo develops, resulting in
the tail curling back on the body in advanced stages. A well-formed em-
byro, prior to hatching, nearly fills its egg case.
Mature eggs average 2.10 mm long by 0.48 mm wide. The embyro
within each mature egg is 2.97 mm long and its head is directed op-
posite (downward) the pole of attachment.
The larva is released when its enveloping egg sac splits in a median
plane. The attached end remains on the substrate, later disolving, and
the larva drops out and swims away.
Newly-hatched larvae are 2.97 mm long, have prominent, large eyes
and almost transparent bodies (Figure 4). A line of pigment extends
posteriorly over the yolk sac then curves downward to the base of the
ventral finfold, ending in the caudal region. There is another short
line of pigment near the caudal peduncle at the dorsal finfold base. The
252
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
FIGURE 3. Top: Developing embryo. The egg case is 2.10 mm long by 0.48 mm wide; its
yolk is 0.30 by 0.42 mm and the embryo is 1.05 mm long. Bottom: Maturing embryo. There
are melanophores ventrally and the black eyes are prominent.
air bladder and gut are visible posterior to the yolk which, at this time,
is little larger than the eye. The vent is slightly closer to the snout than
the tail. The well-developed mouth is terminal, a normal position for
this species.
We calculated there were 1,700 eggs per nest and believe that only
one female was involved, although fecundity was not determined.
FIGURE 4. Just-hatched larva 2.97 mm total length.
REFERENCES
Bohlke, James E., and C. R. Robins
1960. A revision of the gobioid fish genus Coryphopterus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vol. 112, no. 5, pp. 103-128.
Clemens, W. A. and G. V. Wilby
1961. Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 68
(second edit.), 443 pp.
Roedel, Phil M.
1953. Common ocean fishes of the California coast. Calif. Dept. Fish and Game,
Fish Bull. 91, 184 pp.
Hildebrand, Samuel F. and Louella E. Cable
1938. Further notes on the development and life history of some teleosts at
Beaufort, N.C. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., vol. 48, no. 24, pp. 543-573.
Hubbs, Carl L.
1926. Notes on the gobioid fishes of California with description of the two new
genera. Univ. Mich., Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., vol. 169, pp. 1-6.
Limbaugh, Conrad
1955. Fish life in the kelp beds and the effect of kelp harvesting. Univ. Calif.
La Jolla, I.M.R. Ref. 55-9, 158 pp.
ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF ANGLING LICENSE
PURCHASERS1
NORMAN J. ABRAMSON
Marine Resources Operations
California Department of Fish and Game
INTRODUCTION
The number of persons purchasing California angling licenses is of
particular interest in relation to Federal Aid to Fish Restoration funds
which are allocated according to number of license purchasers rather
than number of licenses sold. California issues three types of special
angling licenses in addition to the regular resident license. Because of
the nature of these special licenses (3-day ocean waters only, 10-day
nonresident, annual nonresident), some individuals probably purchase
more than one of them. The object of this paper is to provide an
estimate of the number of distinct persons who bought special licenses
during 1961.
ESTIMATION METHOD
The estimation method I applied to the problem utilizes only infor-
mation obtained by examining a sample of license stubs. This may be
likened to solving a problem involving N balls of k different colors in
an urn. There are n1 balls of the first color, n2 balls of the second color
and nk balls of the kth color, k
£ nj = N.
Assume N is known and estimate k, the number of colors, from a sample
of n balls. To see the analogy with the license problem, associate balls
with licenses and colors with license purchasers.
A theoretically more efficient method, which involves querying a
sample of licensees regarding the number of licenses they purchased,
could have been employed. However, such a method would have required
either a high-cost field survey or a mail survey with possible large
nonresponse error. Furthermore, surveys requiring the respondent to
recall events of a past year may produce bias due to memory failure.
Mosteller (1949) discussed solutions to the urn problem as well as the
survey method and gave some results from experimental sampling.
Goodman (1949) derived the unique unbiased estimator for k in the
urn problem. Unfortunately this may give very unreasonable estimates
and is too erratic for practical use. He also presented a modification
of the unbiased estimator which, though not unbiased, always gives
reasonable results. The modified estimator, which was deemed suitable
1 Submitted for publication June 1962.
(253 )
254 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
for estimating the number of persons purchasing special angling licenses
during 1961, is
s' = — ^7 7T~ x2 if s' > laX
A
k' =
n(n—\)
j^i
UXi if s' < Li Xi
i— 1 i— I
where N is the number of special licenses in the population, n is the
number of licenses sampled and Xi is the number of persons in the sample
who purchased i licenses. To estimate the ratio of license purchasers to
A A
licenses, p' = k'/N was used.
Raj (1961) derived an unbiased estimator for the variance of
x2[N(N— l)]/[n(n— 1)] under the assumption that n,<2 for all j. We
have used his formula,
a fN(N-l) -|2r n(n-l) (JV— 2) (JV-3) -|
V^ = Ln(n-l) *2J L1 N(N-1) (n-2) (n-3) J
, N(N-1) r(N-2) (N-3) 1
+ n(n-l) 2L(n-2) (n-3) J
as an approximation to the variance of s'. The approximation will be close
if very few persons purchased more than two special licenses. It should
also be noted that the mean square error of k ' is less than MSE(s ') . Sim-
A A
ilarly, the variance of s'/N was approximated by V(s')/N2 and MSE(p )
< MSE(s'/N).
ESTIMATES FOR 1961
Of 142,597 special angling licenses sold during 1961, 134,936 license
stubs were available for sampling. A sample of 7,500 including seven
illegible stubs was randomly selected. Examination of the sample revealed
52 pairs purchased by the same persons and one quadruplicate. Thus,
JV = 134,936, n = 7,493, Xi = 7,385, x2 = 52 and x4 = 1. Computing the
components of k', we obtain 2 x{ = 7,438 and s' = 118,070. Then, be-
cause s' > S xif the estimated number of persons purchasing 134,936
special licenses in 1961 is k' = s' = 118,070. The estimated ratio of license
purchasers to licenses is p' = .875. With respect to the bias oMhese
estimates, it can be shown that for the iV and n of this problem, k' and
p' tend to yield underestimates. Further, if the number of persons pur-
chasing three or more licenses is small, the bias will be negligible relative
to the estimate.
A A
The approximate standard errors of k' and p' are 2,305 and .017
respectively.
ESTIMATING LICENSE BUYERS 255
SUMMARY
An estimated 118,070 persons purchased 134,936 special California
angling licenses during 1961. The corresponding ratio of license pur-
chasers to licenses is 0.875. Approximate standard errors of the number
of purchasers and the ratio are 2,305 and .017, respectively. Estimates
were obtained from a random sample of 7,493 license stubs using a
method involving examining the sample for persons purchasing more
than one license.
REFERENCES
Goodman, Leo A.
1949. On the estimation of the number of classes in a population. Ann. Math.
Stat., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 572-579.
Mosteller, Frederick
1949. Questions and answers. Amer. Stat., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 12-13.
Raj, Des
1961. On matching lists by samples. Amer. Stat. Assoc, Jour., vol. 56, no. 293,
pp. 151-155.
POTENTIAL PROFITS IN THE CALIFORNIA
SALMON FISHERY1
DONALD H. FRY, JR.
Marine Resources Branch
California Department of Fish and Game
INTRODUCTION
More and more water and power projects are being built in Cali-
fornia. Many of these will put dams in the paths of migrating fish,
flood out their spawning areas and divert their spawning streams. In
such instances, the Department of Fish and Game is legally required
to order the construction agency to take appropriate steps to mini-
mize damage to fish life by installing fishways, fish screens or fish
hatcheries. Other state and federal statutes require the Department
to report on and recommend other protective or compensating measures,
including water releases to maintain fish life, and suggest changes
in the project's design and operation to maintain and enhance these
resources.
The Department is not required to demonstrate the cash value of
these fish in order to take steps to save them. Neither is the U.S. Coast
Guard required to demonstrate that a sailor on a sinking ship is worth
what it will cost to rescue him. In either instance, the victim's death
would be apt to occur before the matter could be settled. This does
not mean the Department can ignore the species or numbers of fish
involved. Often, extensive studies must be carried out in order to
determine how best to provide for fish runs, but such studies are based
primarily on biology and engineering rather than on economics.
Sometimes when studying a project it becomes evident that not only
can runs be maintained but by spending a bit more money they can
be increased. At this point, economics become of primary importance.
Government agencies are required to regard fish production as one of
the beneficial uses of water. If, in a state or federal project, an addi-
tional expenditure would increase the run above its former (pre-
project) level and the extra fish produced would more than offset
the cost of producing them, there is an excellent chance that money
to increase the run will be forthcoming. Conversely, if the cost of
providing extra fish exceeds their value, the project will usually supply
finances to maintain the run at its natural level — but no more.
Once the cost of producing extra fish is known, the problem can be
settled by determining the value of each fish. Unfortunately there are
all too many ways to calculate this, and the answers are ridiculously
far apart. For commercially-caught salmon, values from zero to well
1 An evaluation of the fishery based on a method suggested by Dr. James Crutchfield,
Associate Professor of Economics, University of Washington, Seattle. Submitted
for publication May 1962.
(256)
POTENTIAL SALMON PROFITS 257
above the retail cost-per-pound have been seriously suggested. In this
paper, I will present a method of evaluating commercial salmon ; sport-
caught fish pose altogether different problems and will not be dis-
cussed.
Quite logically, men who evaluate water projects want to be able
to appraise the fisheries involved by methods comparable to those
used on other parts of the project. Most values assigned to water, for
example, are based on the increased profits that will be realized. A plot
of land will ordinarily produce more if irrigated than if dry-farmed,
but the costs of farming will be greater. Profits due to irrigating are
calculated by deducting the extra expenses from the extra money
gained from the larger (or different) crop. Commercial fisheries' values,
on the other hand, have usually been expressed by the Department of
Fish and Game as the total received for the fish at dockside, or some-
times at the wholesale level, with no deductions for the cost of catch-
ing them. On occasion this has led to the fisheries receiving little con-
sideration because no one had calculated the profits involved. Some
economists have insisted that, according to economic standards some-
times used in business, many fisheries (including salmon) have no value
because the fishermen could have made as much or more at almost any
other job — the fishermen were, in effect, running a small business,
paying themselves a bare minimum wage for long hours of hard work
and, on the average, making no money whatever on their investment.
Some American traditions and laws tend to reduce a fisherman's
cash profit (above day wages) to the vanishing point. Truly efficient
fishing gear is outlawed in the interests of conservation or to spread
employment among as many people as possible. In California, for
example, commercial fishermen may take salmon only by trolling — a
grossly inefficient method made a trifle less so by a large investment
in mechanized gear and electronic fishing aids. There is no limitation
on the number of men who may enter this business. If too many do
enter it, catches of individual fishermen fall off and the least efficient
or most easily discouraged individuals drop out. If the dictates of
conservation demand it, the State may hasten the process by shorten-
ing the season. Limiting the number of boats and thus letting each
make a fair living would be one approach — but our society has not
chosen to use it. We do use this approach in some businesses such as
radio and television stations, liquor stores, and power plants. It is
often against the profits of a power-plant monopoly that fisheries'
profits are compared.
A farmer is allowed to own or lease land and manage it as efficiently
as he is able. His crop is not open to harvest by anyone who comes
along. A fisherman has no such protection even though his investment
in boat and gear may exceed the cost of a farm. He must share the
harvest with everyone who. enters the fishery and is often compelled
by law to operate very inefficiently.
Obviously, if the net economic yield concept is to be used to com-
pare such differently managed businesses as power generation, farming
and commercial fishing, it must be modified. For commercial fishing
this could be done by calculating the profits a fishery would realize if
it operated as a virtual monopoly, if it used the most efficient gear and
258 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
if the eatcli were adjusted to that which the resource could continuously
produce under best management practices. For the salmon fishery of
California's Central Valley, such profits can be calculated without
wandering too far into fields of conjecture.
A HYPOTHETICAL SALMON FISHERY
I will describe a fishery which has been proven efficient. I am not
proposing that such a fishery be created; it is only used as a method to
calculate the potential net benefits of the resource — nothing else is
implied.
Assume that all commercial trolling was stopped and all commercial
catches were made where they could be taken most efficiently. The
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta would be an excellent area — the fish
are still in prime condition (they are mature and have reached their
maximum growth). A fishery would get maximum production out of
Sacramento-San Joaquin fish. It would not harvest fish from other
California rivers, but there is no reason why similar but smaller
fisheries could not be established in other streams.
Salmon in inland waters could be caught by many methods. Some
of these are proven ones, having been used either in California or other
parts of the world. Even electrical fishing could be considered in a
study to determine the cheapest way to harvest fish ; however, I have
chosen proven methods for this model in order to be on firmer ground
when calculating costs. Some which might be used are :
Salmon traps similar to those recently used in Alaska were once
used in California but were not particularly effective in this State
and were gradually being abandoned when the Legislature outlawed
them.
A dam with a fishway. This would have to be constructed upstream
from the levee system controlling the lower river. Fish taken this far
upstream would be approaching spawning condition and their desir-
ability would be greatly reduced. Furthermore, capital investment
would be very high, particularly because several streams would have
to be dammed.
Fishwheels have not been proven on the Sacramento. In any event,
suitable sites are so far upstream that fish quality would have deterio-
rated badly.
Beach seines once met with moderate success but would never harvest
the entire crop. There are not enough suitable seining sites in the Delta
or in the lower Sacramento River.
Gill nets were the only gear which proved successful for many
decades in the inland waters of the Central Valley. Legislation reduced
their effectiveness through the years, and gill-net fishermen had to be
content with salmon that had escaped the expanding troll fishery.
Finally, in 1957 salmon gill-netting was outlawed completely. A small
gill-net fleet could be very effective if it operated to take the maximum
sustainable yield for the lowest reasonable cost.
In the last decades of the fishery, many gill-netters operated from
Carquinez Strait to Pittsburg — an area with much open water which
gave the fish a chance to scatter. Carquinez Strait is narrow but it is
deep, has violent tides and such heavy boat traffic that the ship channel
POTENTIAL SALMON PROFITS 259
must be kept free of nets. In the strait and other downstream areas,
the boats had first chance at migrating fish but they were fishing in
the large end of the funnel. Farther upstream in the Sacramento River,
from Collinsville to Rio Vista and corresponding places on the San
Joaquin, the boats were at the small end of the funnel but were catching
only those fish that had escaped trollers and downstream gill-netters.
To make sure they did not catch too many salmon, gill-netters were
required to stop fishing on weekends.2 The season closed September 26 —
at the peak of the fall migration — and did not open till November 15,
by which time the run was down to a dribble. There was another closed
season in early summer, but not nearly as many fish were moving at
that time. All these restrictive measures (closed seasons, closed areas,
etc.) were imposed largely because there were too many boats.
Assume that instead of a large fleet scattered over a wide area, a
small fleet fished in the small end of the funnel. Assume that instead
of having two lengthy closed seasons, the fleet was kept small enough
to permit the necessary escapement. This could be done by restricting
the number of boats fishing when salmon were relatively scarce. The
weekend closure could be lengthened when more escapement was needed
and eliminated in times of excessive abundance. Assume also that this
fleet was manned exclusively by competent fishermen. Such a fleet could
harvest the Sacramento-San Joaquin at a very low cost.
WHAT WOULD BE THE SIZE OF THE HARVEST?
Obviously if there were no troll fishery, many more salmon would
enter the Delta. Tagging and marking experiments have demonstrated
that landings of salmon produced in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River
system exceed the total salmon from all sources which are landed in
California. In other words, tonnages of Central Valley salmon taken
by trollers off Oregon, "Washington, and Canada exceed all California
catches of salmon from rivers outside the valley. Extensive additional
analysis and possibly some additional marking experiments will be
needed to demonstrate the amount of this excess, so for this study
total state salmon landings will be used as a measure of how many
pounds could be taken in the Delta if there were no troll fishery. This
is a minimum figure, not only for the reason given above but because
trollers keep many 5-pound salmon that two years later would weigh
20. In some years, the average weights of gill-netted salmon were almost
twice those of troll-caught fish. Furthermore, many still-smaller fish
are unintentionally killed in the course of being hooked, unhooked, and
returned to the water.
Average salmon landings over the 10 years 1952-1961 were 7,895,000
pounds, which will be used as the average catch of our hypothetical
gill-net fleet operating in the Delta.
How would the catch be distributed through the year? To determine
this, the monthly gill-net catch of each of the last 10 complete years
of the fishery (1947 through 1956) was expressed as a percent of that
year's total catch and then averaged (column 1, Table 1). During this
period, there were closed seasons during all of July and October, half
•Weekly closed periods are useful to permit escapement and should probably be re-
tained even with a much smaller fleet.
260
CALIFORNIA FTSII AND GAME
TABLE 1
Theoretical Catch of a Gill Net Fishery Operating All Year
Col. 1
Col. 2
Col. 3
Col. 4
Average
percent of
yearly catch
1946-1955
Column 1
expanded
for closed
periods
Calculated
average
percent of
yearly catch
Catcli per
month
calculated
from Col. 3
.69
2.15
1.88
3.15
5.62
1.05
7.10
76.53
.77
1.06
.09
2.15
1.88
3.15
5.02
2.101
0.052
10.00'
88.304
54.035
1.54«
1.06
.39
1.21
1.06
1.78
3.17
1.18
3.41
5.64
49.85
30.84
.87
.60
31,000
96,000
84,000
141,000
250,000
93,000
209,000
445,000
September,
October
November
3,935,000
2,435,000
69,000
47,000
100.00
177.17
100.00
7,895,000
1 June — Col. 1 doubled (15 days closed).
2 July — Interpolated between June and August (after expanding Avg.).
8 Aug. — x 31/22 (9 days closed).
* Sept. — x 30/26 (4 days closed)
5 Oct. — Used ratio of Sept. to Oct. catches taken by Fish and Game employees in
tagging traps operated in the lower Sacramento River 1953-1956.
6 Nov. — Doubled (15 days closed).
of June and November, the first nine days of August and the last four
days of September. To make a somewhat better estimate of the probable
catch of a gill-net fleet operating throughout the year, the June and
November catches were doubled, the August catch wa.s multiplied by
31/22 and the September catch by 30/26. The July catch is an interpo-
lation between those of June and August since trap catches made by
Fish and Game personnel in the lower Sacramento River indicated the
run was gradually picking up over this period. The October catch was
estimated by averaging our September and October trap catches for
four years and using the ratio of the average September to the average
October catch (column 2).3 Since this yielded 177.17 percent, it was
reduced to 100 percent by multiplying each month's catch by 100/177.17
(column 3). Finally, the last column contains the theoretical monthly
poundages that would be landed, assuming a total catch of 7,895,000
pounds. These figures will be used even though the total catch probably
could be greater because only full-grown fish would be harvested.
HOW MANY BOATS WOULD BE REQUIRED?
The Sacramento-San Joaquin gill-net fleet increased from about 100
boats in 1872 to about 750 in 100!) and then gradually declined to about
150 in the mid-30 's. In 1946, each of 242 boats landed 1,000 pounds or
* See Hallock, Fry, and LaFaunce (1957). The traps were fished through September
and October in each of four years, but were operated from June through August
in only one year.
POTENTIAL SALMON PROFITS 261
more for the season.4 The 1909 fleet, presumably oar or sail powered,
covered a much larger area than was legally fishable in later decades,
but still overcrowded the fishing grounds. The 242 boats fishing in 1946
were covering a wider area than would be necessary for a smaller fleet
— and they too were overcrowded. This fleet was gasoline powered but,
with possibly one or two exceptions, nets were pulled by hand. Our
hypothetical fleet would have power-driven net rollers and one man
could handle a boat except during the height of the fall season. How
many such boats, placed in the most strategic areas, would be required
to take about 8,000,000 pounds per year?
In 1946, the gill-net catch was 6,463,000 pounds — the highest year
in which we have records of catches of individual boats. The September
catch in 1946 was 3,674,000 pounds, although the season ended Sep-
tember 26. Had fishing continued through September 30, the catch
would almost certainly have exceeded 4,250,000 pounds — more than we
would expect from our hypothetical fleet in an average September.
The 1946 fleet had 219 boats fishing in September. There were too
many of them; they got in each other's way. Boats and nets drift with
the tide, and on the better drifts boats lined up and had to await a
turn. Each boat caught some fish, alarmed others, and made fishing
worse for the boat behind it. Half as many boats fishing the same
drifts would have had a much better average-catch-per-boat. A quarter
as many boats fishing only the best drifts would have had still better
catches.
The 59 poorest boats took only 283,000 pounds (Table 2). The re-
maining 160 boats took over 3,390,000 pounds and had they fished at
the same rate through September 30 would have taken over 3,900,000
pounds.
Without a troll fishery, salmon in an average year would be more
abundant than in 1946 — catch-per-boat would be greater and a smaller
fleet would suffice. "We do not want our small fleet to take as high a
proportion of the fish as the old fleet did — we want enough fish to get
past the nets to eliminate all need for lengthy closed seasons.
TABLE 2
Sacramento-San Joaquin River Fishery, September 1946
Salmon Boat Catches
Catches in Number
thousands of
of pounds boats
Under 5,000 30
5,000- 9,999 29
10,000-14,999 30
15,000-19,999 46
20,000-24.999 39
25,000-29,999 29
30,000-34,999 12
35,000-39,999 2
40,000-44,999 1
45,000-49,999 1
219
4 From Fry (1949), and unpublished records of the Department of Fish and Game.
262 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
The 1946 fleet pulled its nets by hand. Power rollers will bring a net
in faster and with less effort and more time can be spent actually catch-
ing fish.
The 1946 fleet used linen nets — linen is relatively inefficient, especi-
ally in the daytime. When nylon nets were tried in the Delta they took
many more fish than linen.5 Monofilament nets were developed after all
net fishing had been outlawed in the Delta. They have been used in
other areas and took from two to more than three times as many fish
as nylon nets with which they were competing.6 Monofilament nets have
been outlawed in Washington and British Columbia — they are too ef-
fective.
The 3,900,000 pounds that the 160 "high" boats in 1946 would have
taken had they been allowed to fish through September 30 were about
what our hypothetical fleet would be expected to take in September.
Without their 59 inefficient competitors, a somewhat smaller fleet could
have done the job. Probably fewer than 40 boats would be required to
take 3,900,000 pounds if they were using power pullers and fishing in
the best places with nets capable of catching several times as many fish,
and with salmon at a higher level of abundance. To allow for higher
catches in above-average years, I am proposing a hypothetical fleet of
50 boats. These 50 boats would probably be able to take so much fish
that weekend closures would be needed in most years to permit adequate
escapement. The lengths of these closures could be varied to suit the
sizes of the runs.
Thus far I have stressed the fishery as it could be expected to exist
in September, since that is the peak month and the one in which, his-
torically, the largest catches were always made. In recent decades,
October was always closed. Our hypothetical fishery could expect to
make excellent catches in October. Based upon experimental fishing by
department employees near the mouth of the Feather River, October
catches would average about 62 percent as much as those made in Sep-
tember.
The limiting factor during September and October would not only
be the catching capacity of the nets — it would include the fishermen's
endurance. During the rest of the year neither of these problems would
be serious and fewer boats could do the job. Ten boats would probably
be sufficient to harvest the catch during 6 of the 12 months (Table 3).
It might be necessary legally to limit the number of boats by law which
could fish during months other than September and October, but eco-
nomics probably would do a fairly good job of regulation. In the past
only a small part of the fleet was fishing during poorer months.
8 The most comprehensive comparison of nylon and linen gill-net catches I found was
that by Davis and Posey (1959). They compare catches made with several mesh
sizes and three twine sizes of cotton, two of linen, and five of nylon that could
be directly compared with the cotton and linen. Gill nets and trammel nets were
among the gear tested. (A trammel net is a highly modified form of gill net —
both gill and trammel nets were used in the Delta salmon fishery.) The number
of net days of fishing ran into the thousands. Comparing the most effective twine
size of nylon with the most effective linen twine size for each mesh size, the
weight of fish taken by nylon trammel nets averaged about 2.5 times that taken
by linen trammel nets, and nylon gill-net catches averaged about 3.5 times those
of linen gill nets. (Cotton ran third.) Monofilament was not Included in their
tests.
a Pacific Fisherman (1961) states that in the Japanese high seas salmon fishery of
1961, the catch rate of monofilament nets is reported to have averaged 2.5 times
as much as for the conventional multifilament nylon nets.
POTENTIAL SALMON PROFITS
263
TABLE 3
Fleet Needed to Harvest Sacramento-San Joaquin Salmon
Thousands of
pounds to be
landed1
Boats
fishing
Fishermen
fishing
January...
February. .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December.
31,000
96,000
84,000
141,000
250,000
93,000
269,000
445,000
3,935,000
2,435,000
69,000
47,000
7,895,000
10
10
10
15
20
10
15
20
50
50
10
10
230
10
10
10
15
20
10
15
20
100
100
10
10
330
1 These are the theoretical catches that would be made If the timing and relative size
of the runs averaged the same as they did from 1947-56. Department of Fish and
Game men believe that, at present, the winter run would be larger and the spring
run smaller than shown above.
COST OF FLEET OPERATION
Because we might want as many as 50 boats fishing at the peak of
the best years, costs will be calculated on the assumption there are 50
boats in the fleet and that all are allowed to fish during September and
October of every year. During a poor year, it would be necessary to
close the season enough days per week to let enough salmon escape to
maintain the run. We will assume that in an average year, 25 fishing
days per month would be permissible including any lost because of
bad weather. (Bad weather rarely is a problem in the Delta.) During
September and October, each boat would be operated by two men. Dur-
ing the rest of the year, only one man per boat would be required.
Fewer boats would be licensed to fish from November through August
in the event smaller catches did not automatically reduce the active
fleet.
In any fishery which is at its peak for only two months each year,
most of the fishermen would have other jobs during much of the year.
Historically, many gill-net fishermen migrated to Alaska to work in
other gill-net fisheries. Some entered other seasonal fisheries and still
others had nonfishing jobs.
An adequate gill-net boat with engine can be built for as little as
$6,000. Because our fleet would have to be in top condition, I am allow-
ing $7,500 per boat— $6,000 for the hull and $1,500 for the motor. The
hull would have a useful life of about 20 years and could be sold for
about $1,000 at the end of that time, making a net cost-per-year of
$250. The motor would have a useful life of only 10 years, and would
be worth about $300 on a trade-in, making its net cost-per-year about
$120.
Proper maintenance of boat and motor would require a cash outlay
of about $300 per year. This is based on the assumption that much of
the maintenance (especially hull maintenance) would be done by the
264 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
fishermen themselves. (It nearly always is.) Using $20 per working day
as a fisherman's wages and allowing 20 daj-s per year of maintenance
work, would add $400 per year to maintenance.
A nylon net which normally would have a life of about two years
can be purchased for about $1,500. To allow for accidents and for
heavier usage than normal, I based costs on a useful life of 1^ years
at $1,000 per year. Allowing 20 days per year of a fisherman's time for
net work adds $400.
All these costs total $2,470 per year per boat exclusive of fuel and
oil. Gasoline and oil would probably cost about $6 per day r>r $150 per
25-day boat month. Fuel and oil costs will, of course, be applicable only
when boats are operating.
Fishermen would be making wages if working at nonfishing jobs
so, for determining costs and profits, fishermen's wages while fishing
were calculated at $20 per day with no allowance for overtime and
were then included in the expense of operation. Profits, as used here,
would be the amount over and above all expenses, including wages.
According to the costs just given and the fishing schedule in Table 3,
the calculated cost of operating the entire fleet for a year would be
$323,000 (Table 4).
Salmon are high-priced fish. The public has always been willing to
buy the entire California catch and usually additional tonnages that
are imported into the State as well. Since our hypothetical fishery
will be operating in the future and because its costs are all based on
current prices, I have used the latest price figures available in detail,
i.e., those of 1959. The 1960 prices were higher, but I lack full details.
TABLE 4
Cost of Operating a 50-Boat Fleet
Item Cost
Boat, other than fuel
Hull $6,000 ; useful life 20 years ; sale value $1,000 ;
cost per year $250.00
Motor $1,500 ; useful life 10 years ; turn-in $300 ;
cost per year 120.00
Boat and motor maintenance, cash outlay per year 300.00
Fisherman's time on maintenance, 20 days per year
at $20 per day 400.00
Net
Purchase price $1,500; useful life 1J years;
cost per year 1,000.00
Fisherman's time spent maintaining net, 20 days
at $20 per day 400.00
Total per boat other than fuel or wages
of fisherman while fishing, per year $2,470.00
Total cost of fleet of 50 boats, per year $123,500.00
Fuel, 230 boat-months at $150.00 per boat-month —
total per year 34,500.00
Wages of Fishermen (exclusive of maintenance)
330 man-months at $500 per 25-day month 165,000.00
TOTAL COST OF OPERATING FLEET OF 50 BOATS,
PER YEAR $323,000.00
POTENTIAL SALMON PROFITS 265
TABLE 5
Income and Profit from the Hypothetical Fishery
Average gross income :
7,895,000 lbs. of salmon at $0,421 per lb $3,324,000
Less: Total cost of operating fleet 323,000
(see Table 4) "
POTENTIAL NET PROFIT $3,001,000
Potential net profit per pound of salmon landed $0.38
Potential net profit per fisb landed , $8.45
The 1959 salmon catch was landed entirely by trollers who, in 1959,
received an average of $0,468 per pound for their fish. Traditionally,
gill-net caught fish sold for a trifle less than troll-caught fish, because
as soon as salmon leave the ocean some begin to lose their silvery color
and take on spawning colors. To determine the ratio between troll- and
gill-net fish prices, the average received for each was compared during
the last five years of the gill-net fishery. Gill-net fish sold for as little
as 75.5 percent of the troll fish price-per-pound in 1955 and as much as
99 percent in 1954. The five-year average was 90 percent. At this rate,
the 1959 catch would have been worth 0.9 times $0,468, or $0,421 per
pound. A 7,895,000-pound catch would have sold for about $3,324,000.
The fishermen would have received roughly $3,000,000 over and above
their boat operation costs and their wages of $20 per day (Table 5).
This is the equivalent of a profit of 38 cents for each pound of salmon
landed, or about $8.45 per fish.7
These are the profits a 50-boat fleet could have made if the operators
had owned and harvested the Sacramento-San Joaquin salmon runs
much as a farmer owns and harvests crops grown on his land. With
appropriate adjustments as prices change, these figures can be used
to calculate net benefits to commercial salmon fisheries if a water or
power project is able to enhance existing salmon runs or establish
new ones.
This method takes no account of sportfishery values. In making the
calculations it was assumed there would be a sportfishery in addition
to the hypothetical commercial fishery just as there is a sportfishery in
addition to the existing commercial fishery. Sport values would, there-
fore, be in addition to commercial values.
SUMMARY
"When water or power projects might damage a fishery, it is not nec-
essary under California and federal law to determine the dollar value
of the threatened fishery, to obtain fishways or hatcheries, or in other
ways maintain the fishery at its natural preproject level.
To obtain funds to enhance a fishery, it is necessary to show the value
of extra fish produced will exceed the cost of producing them.
The methods presently used to evaluate commercial fisheries are
varied, and none is directly comparable with methods used to calculate
the value of other beneficial uses of water.
7 According to Cope and Slater (1957) the average weight of a gill-net caught salmon
was 22.23 pounds during 1947-1949.
266 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
The net-economic-yield concept is not applicable to a fishery in which
everyone can participate and in which efficient methods are outlawed
to prevent overfishing. The concept could be applied, however, in a
fishery managed for maximum efficiency. The profits that would accrue
from such a fishery are calculated.
The troll fishery, now the only legal way to take commercial salmon
in California, is very inefficient. Several other fishing methods are
briefly considered and costs are calculated for operating a hypothetical
gill-net fleet in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (It is not proposed
that gill netting be legalized — the study is strictly for calculating
profits.)
In such a hypothetical fishery all trolling would be stopped, all
fishing for Sacramento-San Joaquin salmon would be in the Delta.
Similar fisheries could be established in other rivers.
The historical gill-net fishery was outlawed in 1957 after its efficiency
had been reduced by overcrowding, closed seasons, and closed areas. It
could take only those fish which escaped the trollers.
The harvest in the Delta could be at least as large as the total ocean
salmon catch off California because landings of Sacramento-San Joa-
quin salmon presently made off Oregon, Washington, and Canada
exceed catches made off California of salmon from all other rivers.
California's 7,895,000-pound average annual catch (1952-1961) was
used as the normal catch of the hypothetical gill-net fleet.
The probable monthly distribution of the catch was determined from
gill-net catch records and from some experimental fishing during the
closed season.
The largest gill-net catch for which we have detailed records was
made in 1946 when 6,463,000 pounds of salmon were taken. The season
closed September 26 when fishing was at its peak. In September, 219
boats were fishing, including a number of unsuccessful ones. The fishing
grounds were seriously overcrowded and the fishermen were using
linen gill nets which were pulled by hand. By doing away with lengthy
closed seasons and by using nylon or monofilament nets (which have
been proven much more effective) and mechanical net pullers, a fleet of
50 boats manned by good fishermen could land the same poundage.
The 50 boats would be needed only during the peak months of Sep-
tember and October.
The cost of purchasing, maintaining and operating such a fleet would
be about $323,000 per year, including $20 per day for time spent by
each fisherman either while fishing or doing maintenance work.
The gross income at 1959 prices, about $3,324,000 per year, would
yield a net profit of over $3,000,000 which is the equivalent of 38 cents
per pound or $8.45 per fish landed.
Thus, 38 cents per pound or $8.45 per fish would be a justifiable
amount to allow when calculating net benefits to the commercial salmon
fishery that would result from enhancing existing runs or establishing
new ones.
Values of the sport catch are not included in these determinations.
POTENTIAL SALMON PROFITS 26?
REFERENCES
Cope, Oliver B., and Daniel W. Slater
1957. Role of Coleman Hatchery in maintaining a king salmon run. U.S. Fish
and Wildl. Serv. Res. Rept. 47 ; 22 pp.
Davis, James, and Lloyd Posey, Jr.
1959. Relative selectivity of freshwater commercial fishing devices used in Lou-
isiana. Louisiana Wild Life and Fish. Comm., New Orleans, 27 pp., 9 figs.,
3 tbs., Suppl., 144 pp., 187 tbs.
Fry, Donald H., Jr.
1949. Salmon. In The commercial fish catch of California for the year 1947 with
an historical review 1916-1947. Calif. Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 74, pp.
37-49.
Hallock, Richard J., D. H. Fry, Jr., and Don A. LaFaunce
1957. The use of wire fyke traps to estimate the runs of adult salmon and steel-
head in the Sacramento River. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 43, no. 4, pp.
271-298.
Pacific Fisherman
1961. What the Japanese report about monofilament salmon gillnets. Pac. Fish.,
vol. 59, no. 12, p. 29.
THE RESPONSE OF BROWSE PLANTS TO
FERTILIZATION1
R. P. GIBBENS and REX D. PIEPER
School of Forestry, University of California, Berkeley
INTRODUCTION
The wildland areas serving as game ranges today are covered pre-
dominately by shrubs. The browse produced by these plants is a staple
item in the diet of game, particularly deer. Thus, shrubs constitute
a crop ; just as corn, grass, or trees are crops on other land. Fertiliza-
tion, a technique which has proved its worth in managing other crops,
may be useful in managing game ranges as well. Although there is a
wealth of knowledge about the response of "cash" crops to fertilization,
little information is available on the response of shrubs. This study
was undertaken to gain some knowledge of the growth and utilization
of browse plants on a deer winter range following fertilization.
The soils of wildland areas in California are often deficient in
nutrients. A survey of about 100 upland soils, many associated with a
brush cover, showed about two-thirds were low in available nitrogen
and phosphorus, indicated by lettuce grown in pot tests (Jenny, 1950).
Similar tests of brushland soils from southern California showed nearly
all were deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, especially in the lower
horizons (Vlamis, et al, 1954). Native brush plants, as well as lettuce,
have been used as indicators in pot tests of some common brushland
soils from the coast ranges and the central Sierra Nevada. Available
nutrients were often low and the brush seedlings used as indicators
were much larger and more vigorous when deficiencies were corrected
(Schultz, et al, 1958; Vlamis, et al, 1959). In the semiarid San Gabriel
mountains of southern California, soil nutrition, as well as water, was
a controlling factor in the growth of shrubs and trees, both for seed-
lings in pots and for mature plants in the field (Hellmers, et al, 1955).
Thus it seems that fertilization might prove valuable for increasing
the quantity, and possibly the quality, of browse on game ranges.
The effect of fertilizers was investigated in conjunction with other
brush manipulation studies on the San Joaquin deer winter range. The
winter range lies on the west side of the San Joaquin river in Madera
County. The topography is rough, ranging from precipitous slopes to
relatively level benches. Soils vary from deep to shallow and rocky,
with frequent granite outerops. The vegetation is predominately mixed
chaparral, but ponderosa pine and oak woodland, with grass or brush
understory, are also present. The study area is at an elevation of about
1 Submitted for publication June 1961. This study Is part of a project conducted by
the University of California under contract with the California Department of
Fish and Game under Federal Aid in WMldlife Restoration Act Project 51-R,
"Big' Game Investigations." Part of the fertilizers used were supplied by the
California Spray-Chemical Corporation.
(268)
BROWSE FERTILIZATION 269
3,800 feet. The average annual precipitation is 34 inches, but during
1959 and 1960, when the studies were conducted, rainfall was only
24 and 28 inches, respectively.
The winter range is occupied by a large population of migratory
deer from November to the middle of May each year. Browse plants
are utilized very heavily during this period. Pellet counts made on
brushy areas manipulated by mashing and burning showed as many as
200 deer days of use per acre. Livestock also use portions of the winter
range at various seasons.
RESPONSE OF BRUSH SEEDLINGS
To determine the effect of fertilization on brush seedlings, two areas
were selected on which the original cover had been manipulated by
mashing and burning. One, the Lion Point area, was mashed and
burned in the fall of 1955. When the fertilization studies were started
in the fall of 1958, this area had a dense stand of three-year-old wedge-
leaf ceanothus seedlings (Ceanothus cuneatus), an abundant and im-
portant source of browse.
Eight plots, each 60 x 33.5 feet, were laid out in two contiguous rows
on a gentle slope. In each plot, 100 seedlings were marked by tagging
every one encountered in transects 1 foot wide until all the tags were
used. Heights of the plants were recorded when they were tagged ; the
plants were remeasured each spring and fall until the study was termi-
nated.
Another series of eight plots, each 50 x 37.5 feet, was laid out on
Kinsman Flat which had been mashed and burned in the spring of
1957. Wedgeleaf ceanothus seedlings were not so abundant here as at
Lion Point and only 50 seedlings were tagged and measured in each
plot. These seedlings were one and two years old in the fall of 1958,
with one-year-olds predominating. At the start of the study, there were
2.26 seedlings per sq. ft. on the Lion Point plots and 0.14 per sq. ft.
on the Kinsman Flat plots.
On both the Lion Point and Kinsman Flat plots, herbaceous cover
consisted primarily of annual grasses and filaree. There were scattered
perennial grasses on the Lion Point plots. Shrubs, other than wedgeleaf
ceanothus, were thinly scattered on the plots.
Ammonium phosphate (20-20-0) was applied to alternate plots in
both groups at the rate of 150 pounds of N and 150 pounds of P2O5
per acre in October 1958 and March 1959. During the second year,
fertilizer applications were repeated, so the final treatment was 600
pounds of N and 600 pounds of P205 per acre.
All of the plots were browsed by deer from November 1st to the
middle of May. Two fertilized and two nonf ertilized plots in each group
were fenced to exclude cattle. Cattle grazed the Lion Point area during
March, April, and May and the Kinsman Flat area during August and
September.
Mortality
The mortality of seedlings was greater on fertilized plots than on
the control plots; this was true of both age groups (Figure 1). Losses
were much greater on the Kinsman Flat plots where the seedlings were
younger. Fertilization resulted in almost complete annihilation of small
270
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
LION POINT
400
300
200
in
o
z 100
_j
Q
UJ
UJ
IS)
KINSMAN FLAT
200
CD
2
=> 150
100
50
FALL
1958
FIGURE 1. Number of wedgeleaf ceanothus seedlings surviving on fertilized plots (black bars)
and control plots (white bars). Seedlings on Lion Point plots three years old when fertilizers
applied, those on Kinsman Flat plots one and two years old.
seedlings. Most of the seedlings which died on control plots were also
small. Virtually none of the largest seedlings died on either treatment.
The stimulation of the growth of herbaceous vegetation was probably
a prime factor in increasing mortality of the brush seedlings on ferti-
lized plots. The yield of herbaceous vegetation was determined in 1959
on both Lion Point and Kinsman Flat plots. Production did not exceed
600 pounds per acre, due to the very dry growing conditions which
prevailed during the spring. However, yields were significantly higher
on fertilized plots on both areas. Production of herbaceous vegetation
was not measured in 1960, but better moisture conditions resulted in
an obvious increase in yield on fertilized plots as compared to control
plots (Figure 2).
Growth
By using only the tagged seedlings which were alive at the end of
the experiment, it was possible to determine if fertilization caused
an increase in height. The heights recorded for surviving seedlings at
the start of the study did not differ significantly between fertilized
and control plots. In the fall of 1960, when the final measurements
BROWSE FERTILIZATION
271
FIGURE 2. Stand of five-year-old wedgeleaf ceanothus seedlings on the Lion Point plots in
the fall of 1960. Plots in upper left and lower right were fertilized in each of the two pre-
ceding years. This orea has not been grazed by cattle and grasses on the fertilized plots
obscure most of the seedlings.
were made, there was no significant difference in seedling heights on
the two treatments. The fall measurements included a season increment
not yet browsed, but evidently the heavy use during previous winters
suppressed any measurable response to fertilization. A few seedlings
protected from browsing by exclosures made more growth when ferti-
lized than those not fertilized but similarly protected.
Utilization
Each fall 200 twigs were tagged and measured on fertilized and
nonfertilized seedlings. In the winter of 1958-59, deer removed 27 and
28 percent of the twig length on fertilized and control seedlings, respec-
tively. The average reduction in twig length was 33 percent on fertilized
plants and 36 percent on control plants in 1959-60. The difference in
amount removed was not significant in either winter. The reduction
in seedling heights during the winter, another measure of utilization,
was not significantly different on fertilized and control plants. Reduc-
tion in height is a rather poor measure of utilization because the tallest
living portion is often a group of leaves on an old twig, instead of a
new leader which may be bitten off.
Deer exhibited a preference for the herbaceous growth on fertilized
plots. This was especially evident on the Kinsman Flat plots in April
1960. At this time, grazing by deer had kept large portions of the
fertilized plots mowed off, while the control plots showed little use.
272
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Livestock also preferred the forage on fertilized plots, but they used
ncmfertilized plots heavily too, as forage was scarce during both years.
No differences were found in the growth or mortality of seedlings
between plots protected from livestock and those which were grazed,
but there was a greater accumulation of mulch and litter, since the
herbaceous vegetation was not grazed by cattle.
RESPONSE OF MATURE WEDGELEAF CEANOTHUS PLANTS
A series of plots was established on a portion of the winter range
burned by wildfire in 1939. The area studied has a stand of heavily-
hedged wedgeleaf ceanothus plants 2 to 4 feet high (Figure 3). In
November 1958, ammonium phosphate (10-20-0) was applied to about
4 acres with a mechanized spreader at about 100 pounds of N and
200 pounds of P2O5 per acre. On small plots, 50 x 75 feet, fertilizers
were applied in the following amounts and kinds : ammonium nitrate, at
80 pounds of N per acre; ammonium sulfate, 80 pounds N and 90
pounds S ; treble superphosphate, 140 pounds of P2O5. These applica-
tions were made in combination so that the following treatments were
obtained; control; nitrogen (N) ; nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) ; nitrogen-
sulfur (NS) ; and nitrogen-sulfur-phosphorus (NSP).
After ammonium phosphate was applied to the 4-acre plot, four
plants in each of the following vigor categories were selected: 75 per-
cent decadent; 50 percent decadent; and healthy or nondecadent. Two
plants in each category were on the fertilized area and two on an
adjacent nonfertilized area. These plants were protected by individual
FIGURE 3. A portion of the stand of heavily-hedged wedgeleaf ceanothus plants used in
the fertilizer trials. Picture taken in the fall of 1958 when the plants were 19 years old.
BROWSE FERTILIZATION
273
exclosures from the fall of 1958 to the fall of 1959. On each plant,
20 twigs were tagged and measured at intervals during the spring and
summer to determine the amount and rate of growth. A shortage of
fencing material limited the protection on the small plots to a single
plant on the NSP treatment.
Due to similarity of response and subjective nature of selection, the
75 and 50 percent decadent plants were combined when analyzing the
data. One decadent plant on the control area and scattered twigs on
other plants died. Only twigs still living in the fall of 1959 were used
in computing growth. As the tagged leaders were selected at random,
twigs of different lengths were marked. The twigs with the longest
original length made the most growth, probably because of a more
favorable location on the plant. The differences among twig lengths
on the various treated plots were significant. Consequently, the seasonal
increment of each leader was adjusted by using the regression co-
efficient of seasonal increment on original twig length. Adjusted sea-
sonal increment for the treatments could be compared by a "t" test,
since the influence of original twig length on growth had been equal-
ized. Seasonal increment included the length of lateral branches which
developed on the twigs and the increase in length of the central,
dominant branch.
Fertilization failed to stimulate leader growth on the healthy plants
sampled (Table 1). The nonfertilized, healthy plants produced sig-
nificantly more growth than the fertilized ones. However, the decadent
plants which were fertilized produced significantly more growth than
those which were not fertilized. Twig growth on all of the plants was
largely confined to the period from April 15 to June 19. Only fertilized
decadent plants grew appreciably in the latter part of the season. Since
the spring of 1959 was extremely dry, moisture was probably more
limiting to plant growth than nutrient supply. There were no visible
differences in herbaceous growth on the plots during the season. A
3-inch rain which fell on September 18 did not initiate measurable
twig growth.
In the fall of 1959, additional ammonium phosphate (20-20-0) was
applied on a portion of the 4-acre plot fertilized the previous year.
Hand broadcasting was used to spread the fertilizer at a rate of 200
pounds of N and 200 pounds of P205 per acre on a plot 100x300 feet.
TABLE 1
Seasonal Increment of Wedgeleaf Ceanothus Twigs During the 1959 Growing Season
Treatment
Number
of plants
Number
of twigs
Average twig
increment
(inches)
Adjusted twig1
increment
(inches)
NP
2— healthy
1 — healthy
2 — healthy
4 — decadent
3 — decadent
40
20
40
72
55
3.78
4.19
4.52
3.94
1.64
2.84b°
NSP ---
3 . 58 « b
4.34"
NP ---
3.94»b
2.67°
1 There is a significant difference (P < .05) between adjusted means of treatments
having different letters for superscripts, and no significant difference where the
same letter occurs in the superscript. For example, in Table 1 the NP treatment
with a mean of 2.84bc is significantly different from the control (4.34*) because
the superscripts have no letter in common. The NP treatment is not different
from any other treatment because either b or c appears in all other superscripts.
The superscript letters should be read individually and not as terms.
274
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
TABLE 2
Twig Increment of Fertilized Plants During the 1960 Growing Season
Treatment1
Number of
plants
Number of
twigs
Average
twig
increment
(inches)
Adjusted
twig'
increment
(inches)
NP (1958 and 1959).
NP (1958)-
Control
Wedgeleaf ceanothus (large plots)
100
100
100
NP (1958) _.
NSP (1958).
N (1958)...
NS (1958)..
P (1958)
Control
Wedgeleaf ceanothus (small plots)
20
20
20
20
20
20
NP (1959)..
NS (1959)..
NSP (1959).
P (1959)....
Control
Mariposa manzanita
60
60
60
60
60
9.71
8.98
7.71
8.18
8.73
7.27
6.74
2.57
5.00
8.38
5.83
7.69
8.60
4.87
10.20*
8.94»
7.20b
8.82»
7.30''
6.69b
5.61b
4.73b
5.32b
8.90»
7.35»
7.08'
7.00»
5.02b
1 Symbol of element and year applied.
2 See Table I footnote for explanation.
On each of the following areas five healthy plants were protected by
exclosures : fertilized in 1958 — 100 pounds of N and 200 pounds of
P205 per acre ; fertilized in 1958 and 1959 — total treatment 300 pounds
of N and 400 pounds of P2O5 per acre; and a control area. Vigor was
not considered in this experiment because an adequate sample of de-
cadent plants could not be found on each area. Twigs were tagged and
measured on each fenced plant to determine growth during the spring
and summer of 1960.
Seasonal increments were adjusted in the same manner as before.
Both fertilizer treatments produced significantly more twig growth of
wedgeleaf ceanothus than the control (Table 2). There was no signi-
ficant difference in twig growth between the two fertilizer treatments,
although twigs on plants receiving the second application of fertilizer
were longer.
On the small plots fertilized in 1958, one representative plant was
protected by an exclosure during the winter of 1959-60. No additional
fertilizer was applied to these plots. Again, differences in the original
length of twigs among treatments made it necessary to adjust seasonal
increment before comparisons could be made. The NP treatment pro-
duced significantly more twig growth than the control (Table 2). The
other fertilizer treatments did not increase twig growth over the control
although the NSP treatment approached significance. Thus, pronounced
carry-over effect was evident only when N and P were in combination.
This conforms to the effects observed in agricultural crops.
Better moisture conditions in the spring of 1960 resulted in a sea-
sonal increment nearly double that of 1959. From 75 to 95 percent of
the season's growth was completed by June 15. There were no apparent
relationships between fertilization and the length of growing period.
BROWSE FERTILIZATION
275
RESPONSE OF MARIPOSA MANZANITA
In the fall of 1959, plots were laid out on a portion of the 1939 wild-
fire burn occupied by low, hedged mariposa manzanita (Arctostaphylos
mariposa) plants (Figure 4). This species was selected because it is
abundant, but low in palatability. Fertilizers were applied by hand
broadcasting on plots 50x75 feet. Single superphosphate, ammonium
sulphate and ammonium phosphate were used to give the following
treatments : 100 pounds of N and 114 pounds of S per acre; 100 pounds
of P2O5 per acre; 100 pounds of N, 100 pounds of P2O5, and 114
pounds of S per acre ; and 200 pounds of N and P2O5 per acre. Growth
response was measured by tagging and measuring 20 twigs on each of
three plants on each treatment. The plants were protected by exclosures
when the fertilizers were applied and twig growth for the 1960 grow-
ing season determined.
The seasonal increments in twig length were adjusted for differences
in original twig length in the same manner as those of wedgeleaf
ceanothus. All of the fertilized plants had significantly more twig
growth than the control plants (Table 2). There were no significant
differences among the fertilizer treatments, although the NP treatment
produced slightly longer twigs ; note the heavier rate of N fertilization.
Mariposa manzanita completed a large part of the season's growth by
June 15.
FIGURE 4. Mariposa manzanita plants on plot fertilized with NSP. Grasses outside exclosure
were grazed by deer earlier in the season and consequently are much shorter than those
inside the exclosure.
276
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
DEER UTILIZATION OF FERTILIZED PLANTS
Mature wedgeleaf ceanothus and mariposa manzanita plant utiliza-
tion was determined by tagging and measuring large numbers of cur-
rent twigs in the fall and remeasuring the same twigs in the spring
after the deer had left. The reduction in twig length caused by browsing
was used as an index to utilization. No leaf-use measurements were
made, but leaf utilization probably would be in the same proportion as
twig use. Since the deer were present until the middle of May, utiliza-
tion and growing periods overlapped. Tagged leaders of the previous
season gave no indication of use during this period. However, when
tagged leaders were measured in the spring, a record was made of the
number having new axillary leaders and the number browsed. Less
than 5 percent of the new leaders were browsed, indicating little nse of
new twig growth during the spring.
During the winter of 1958-59, small aluminum tags were used to
mark twigs. Deer liked to chew these tags, resulting in an unplanned
reduction in sample size. Consequently, small lengths of electrical
hook-up wire with insulation of different colors were used the second
winter. This method was very successful. The deer did not chew the
wire and a great deal of time was saved when making measurements,
as it was not necessary to look for, and read, a number. Ten color pat-
terns were used as this was the number of twigs marked on an in-
dividual bush. The number of bushes used varied with the size of the
plots.
Deer removed more from longer twigs than they did from shorter
ones. Also, the original length of twigs differed significantly among
treatments. Thus, to compare the amount removed from twigs on
various treatments, it was necessary to adjust the amount removed from
each twig with the overall regression coefficient of amount removed on
original length. This adjustment equalized the influence of original twig
length. Treatment differences could then be determined by the "t"
test. This procedure had not been necessary for the twigs measured on
the seedlings because the original lengths were not significantly differ-
ent between treatments.
In the fall of 1958, wedgeleaf ceanothus twigs were tagged on the
following treatments: control, NP, P, NS, and NSP. Comparison of the
TABLE 3
Reduction in Twig Length by Deer on Fertilized Wedgeleaf Ceanothus Plants
During the Winter of 1958-59
Treatment1
Number
of twigs
measured
Percent
of twigs
browsed
Percent
of twig
length
removed
Average
amount
of twig
removed
(inches)
Adjusted
amount'
of twig
removed
(inches)
NS (1958)
94
96
546
99
567
96
99
98
98
99
33
32
23
15
21
1.15
1.45
0.79
0.47
0.66
1.10«
NSP (1958)
NP (1958).
1.02»
0.79b
P (1958)
0.55«
0.74>>
1 Symbol of element and year applied.
2 See Table I footnote for explanation.
BROWSE FERTILIZATION
277
TABLE 4
Reduction in Twig Length of Fertilized Plants by Deer During
the Winter of 1959-60
Average
Adjusted
Percent
amount
amount1
Number
Percent
of twig
of twig
of twig
of twigs
of twigs
length
removed
removed
Treatment'
measured
browsed
removed
(inches)
(inches)
NSP (1958)
NS (1958)
P (1958)
NP (1958)
N (1958)
NP (1958 and 1959)
NP (1958)
Control
NP (1959)
NSP (1959)
NS (1959)
P (1959)
Control
Wedgeleaf ceanothus
98
98
54
1.20
1.07»
97
100
60
0.89
1.00»
98
99
56
0.79
0.92 b
98
100
54
0.70
0.86*
100
97
44
0.64
0.76d
300
100
42
0.73
0.75d
293
99
36
0.75
0.66<»
300
100
37
0.75
0.68d
96
100
94
1)7
Mariposa manzanita
99
89
96
61
74
32
33
36
15
30
1.44
1.22
0.92
0.56
0.84
1.35*
1.17»b
l.Olbo
0.52d
0.93 «
1 Symbol of element and year applied. Large plots have more than 100 measured
leaders.
2 See Table I footnote for explanation.
adjusted values of amount removed revealed that the NS and NSP
treatments were browsed significantly more than the control, NP, and
P treatments (Table 3). These data indicate deer actually consumed
more of the twigs of the sulphur-fertilized plants since there was very
little difference in the percent of twigs browsed among the treatments
(column 3 of Table 3).
During the winter 1959-60, wedgeleaf ceanothus utilization was mea-
sured on the following treatments : control ; fertilized with NP in 1958
and 1959 ; and fertilized with NP in 1958 only. On the small plots fer-
tilized in 1958 the NP, N, P, NS, and NSP treatments were included
(Table 4).
The percent reduction in leader length on all treatments indicated
utilization was heavier than during the previous winter (column 4 of
Tables 3 and 4). The deer did not browse the large plot NP treatments,
even the one fertilized in 1958 and 1959, more than the control. But the
treatments containing sulfur were browsed significantly more than the
control and most of the other treatments (Table 4). The consistent pre-
ference by deer for the sulphur-fertilized plants indicates that sulphur
may help increase the palatability of the plants.
While wedgeleaf ceanothus is a preferred browse species, mariposa
manzanita is low in palatability. Consequently, utilization of the fer-
tilized mariposa manzanita plants was measured to see if fertilization
increased its attractiveness to deer. All of the treatments previously
described for this species were used. As with wedgeleaf ceanothus, it
was necessary to adjust the amount removed before making com-
parisons.
The NP treatment received the heaviest use, probably reflecting the
heavier rate of fertilization (Table 4). The NPS treatment was used
278
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
more than the control but the NS treatment was not. Utilization on
the P treatment was significantly lower than on the other treatments.
Besides having larger amounts browsed from twigs, plants in the NP,
NS, and NSP treatments also had a higher percentage of twigs browsed
(Table 4). This indicates they were more attractive to deer than the
control or phosphorus-fertilized plants. Why the P treatment received
less use than the control is not clear. This phenomenon also occurred
on the wedgeleaf ceanothus treatments the first season after fertilization.
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF WEDGELEAF
CEANOTHUS LEAVES
Leaves were analyzed to determine how soon fertilizers were taken
up by the mature wedgeleaf ceanothus plants and how the nitrogen
and phosphorus content of leaves was affected. Leaves furnish the bulk
of usable browse and can be collected and analyzed more readily than
twigs. Composite leaf samples from mature wedgeleaf ceanothus plants
were collected from the area fertilized with ammonium phosphate at
the rate of 100 pounds of N and 200 pounds of PoOr, per acre in the
fall of 1958. Collections were made for five different months during
1959. Total phosphorus determinations were made colorimetrieally after
wet digestion with ternary acid as described by Johnson and Ulrich
(1959). Total nitrogen was determined by the micro-Kjeldahl method.
The total nitrogen and phosphorus content of the leaf samples is
given in Table 5. Analysis of variance showed a highly significant
difference (P < .01) among dates and between treatments for both
nitrogen and phosphorus. The nitrogen content of the leaves from
fertilized bushes was consistently higher than that from the leaves of
control bushes. This difference was less pronounced for June than for
other months. However, fertilizing apparently had a depressing effect
on the phosphorus content of the leaves. The phosphorus content was
consistently lower for the fertilized plants than for the control plants.
One possible explanation for the lower phosphorus content in the leaves
of fertilized plants is a dilution effect resulting from stimulation by
nitrogen.
Contrary to data of Gordon and Sampson (1939), the content of
both nitrogen and phosphorus increased from June to October. This
increase is probablv related to an unusually heavy rain which fell on
September 18, 1959.
TABLE 5
Total Nitrogen and Phosphorous Content of Wedgeleaf Ceanothus Leaves Collected from
Fertilized and Control Plots During 1959
Treatment
January
April
June
July
October
Fertilized
Control
Perc
1.80
1.70
Perce
0.153
0.156
ent Nitrogen*
2.52
2.25
nt Phosphorus
0.229
0.245
1.87
1.83
*
0.150
0.183
1.67
1.43
0.120
0.140
2.10
1.90
0.173
0.200
• Each figure Is an average of three composite samples collected for each date and
treatment. Averages were made after arc sine transformations (Snedecor, 1956).
BROWSE FERTILIZATION 279
DISCUSSION
Although the fertilizer trials were conducted during years of below
normal rainfall, they showed that fertilization will significantly increase
the growth of browse plants, even when moisture becomes limiting early
in the growing season. The magnitude of response would undoubtedly
be grea'ter in years of higher rainfall.
Since fertilization increased the mortality of wedgeleaf ceanothus
seedlings, even when well-established, it would not be advisable to
fertilize areas where manipulation results in a poor stand of seedlings,
or where natural thinning will provide the desired density. But by
increasing the growth of herbaceous plants, fertilizers could be used
to thin a stand of seedlings if they were too thick. Such a practice
might be desirable on areas where livestock are more important users
than deer. Even when growing in competition with grasses, brush
seedlings will respond to an increase in fertility level (Gartner, et al,
1957). Thus, the growth of surviving seedlings in a thinning operation
would be increased.
There was no measurable growth response to fertilization by the
heavily browsed wedgeleaf ceanothus seedlings, but a response could
be expected under lighter use levels. Since browse production on
manipulated areas dominated by nonsprouting species is low until the
plants attain a fair size, an accelerated growth rate is desirable. Ferti-
lizers could be used to increase growth while allowing a higher level
of use than would otherwise be possible.
Mortality of mature wedgeleaf ceanothus and mariposa manzanita
plants was not affected during the study period. The increased growth
of partially decadent plants indicates that fertilization might be effec-
tive for restoring plant vigor on over-utilized areas.
Deer exhibited some preference for plants which were fertilized,
especially those receiving sulphur. It is quite possible that, if more
browse were available and the deer had more freedom of choice, a
greater preference would be displayed. Even though it seems logical
to assume leaf use is proportional to twig use, a measure of the amount
of leaves utilized, especially in the spring; might show a higher prefer-
ence for fertilized plants. Mariposa manzanita, for example, has very
large leaves which are easily picked off without biting the twig. Reduc-
tion in the length of twigs is not the best measure of preference. The
basal portions of twigs become progressively more woody, and harder
to bite off, regardless of how they taste to a browsing animal.
On areas such as winter ranges, where use of preferred browse species
is extremely heavy, it might not be advisable to increase utilization of
the plants by making them more attractive to deer. The increased use
could cause excessive mortality. However, many of the preferred browse
plants grow rapidly and can readily escape the deer (Gibbens and
Schultz, 1961). On areas receiving moderate to light use, fertilization
could be used to increase the utilization of preferred browse species
and prevent them from growing out of reach.
The preference shown by deer for the fertilized mariposa manzanita
plants indicates that the utilization of less preferred species may be
increased. In this case nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur in combination
were effective. Other combinations and rates need to be tested. Browse
280 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
species lo"w in palatability occupy vast areas and tend to increase at the
expense of their more preferred neighbors. An effective means of
changing palatability would resull in a manyfold increase in range
area and quantity of usable forage.
The quality of browse may be equally as important as quantity. If
protein is a critical constituent, nitrogen fertilizer may improve the
quality of browse. Since the uptake is very rapid, there would be little
time lag in the application of such a management practice. However,
if phosphorus is critical, nitrogen fertilization may actually decrease
the phosphorus content of the leaves and phosphorus may become defi-
cient. Certainly the nutritional requirements of deer and the amounts
of nutrients supplied by browse need further investigation.
The use of fertilizers on game ranges would have desirable effects in
aspects other than quantity or quality of browse. Maintaining a grass-
brush ratio adjusted to the relative needs of livestock and game on par-
ticular areas would permit fuller use of the land. The inability of many
brushland areas to support a maximal growth of plants due to low fer-
tility levels leads to a high erosion rate and further depletion of soil
nutrients. Interruption of this cycle by fertilizers would greatly in-
crease the watershed value of the land (Hellmers et al., 1955).
While no argument is being presented concerning the economic feasi-
bility of fertilizing game ranges at this time, it is quite conceivable that
such a practice may be desirable, and readily financed, in the future.
This study indicates that fertilizers could supply the game manager
with a valuable tool for habitat manipulation on brush ranges where
soil fertility levels are low. Further study of the effect of fertilizers on
browse plants, particularly on palatability, is recommended.
SUMMARY
The effect of fertilization on the growth and utilization of browse
plants was studied on a deer winter range in Madera County, Cali-
fornia. The effect of N, P, and S, in various combinations, on seedlings
and mature plants of wedgeleaf ceanothus and mature plants of mari-
posa manzanita was investigated. The studies were conducted in 1959
and 1960. During both years precipitation was far below normal.
Fertilization with NP increased the mortality of wedgeleaf ceanothus
seedlings, especially those only one and two years old. Deer did not
utilize fertilized seedlings more than nonfertilized seedlings. Fertilized
seedlings did not increase in height more than those not fertilized, prob-
ably because of the heavy utilization.
Despite the extremely dry conditions, mature, heavily hedged wedge-
leaf ceanothus plants on an old wildfire burn responded to fertilizers by
increased twig growth. Carryover effect was evident only when N and P
were in combination. Growth response of mariposa manzanita was meas-
ured for only one season. All of the fertilized plants produced signifi-
cantly more twig growth than those not fertilized.
The reduction in twig length by deer was used as an index to utiliza-
tion of the mature plants. Sulphur-fertilized plants of wedgeleaf ceano-
thus were browsed significantly more than control plants and most of
the other fertilizer treatments. Fertilized plants of mariposa manza-
nita, a species low in palatability were utilized more than control
BROWSE FERTILIZATION 281
plants. The rather consistent preference by deer for fertilized plants
indicates that fertilization may be an effective means of increasing pal-
atability.
Analyses of leaves collected from wedgeleaf ceanothus plants showed
a consistently higher nitrogen content in leaves of ammonia-phosphate-
fertilized plants. Phosphorus content was consistently lower for the fer-
tilized plants, possibly due to a dilution effect resulting from stimula-
tion by nitrogen.
Since fertilizers may be used to increase growth and palatability,
cause selective thinning and browsing, and improve watershed values,
they offer the game manager an effective tool for habitat manipulation
on brush ranges where soil fertility is limiting.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank Drs. A. M. Schultz and H. H. Biswell of the Uni-
versity of California, and Dr. George R. Hawkes, Agronomist, Cali-
fornia Spray-Chemical Corporation, for their advice and assistance.
REFERENCES
Gartner, F. R., A. M. Schultz, and H. H. Biswell
1957. Ryegrass and brush seedling competition for nitrogen on two soil types.
J. Range Mgmt., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 213-220.
Gibbens, R. P., and A. M. Schultz
1961. Manipulation of shrub form and browse production. Calif. Fish and Game,
vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 49-64.
Gordon, Aaron, and Arthur W. Sampson
1939. Composition of common California foothill plants as a factor in range
management. Calif. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bull. no. 627. 95 pp.
Hellmers, Henry, James F. Bonner, and John M. Kelleher
1955. Soil fertility : a watershed management problem in the San Gabriel Moun-
tains of southern California. Soil Sci., vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 189-197.
Jenny, H., J. Vlamis, and W. E. Martin
1950. Greenhouse assay of fertility of California soils. Hilgardia, vol. 20, no. 1,
pp. 1-8.
Johnson, Clarence M., and Albert Ulrich
1959. Analytical methods for use in plant analysis. Calif. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull,
no. 766, pp. 25-77.
Lay, D. W.
1957. Browse quality and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine for-
ests. Jour. Forestry, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 342-347.
Schultz, A. M., H. H. Biswell, and J. Vlamis
1958. Responses of brush seedlings to fertilizers. Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 44,
no. 4, pp. 335-348.
Snedecor, George W.
1956. Statistical methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, 534 pp.
Vlamis, J., A. M. Schultz, and H. H. Biswell
1959. Nutrient response of ponderosa pine and brush seedlings on forest and
brush soils of California. Hilgardia, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 239-254.
Vlamis, J., E. C. Stone, and C. L. Young
1954. Nutrient status of brushland soils in southern California. Soil Sci., vol. 78,
no. 1, pp. 51-55.
NOTE
THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTINCTION OF THREADFIN SHAD
IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OCEAN WATERS1
A threadfm shad, Dorosoma petenense (Giinther), was caught Feb-
ruary 13, 1962, in a 10-minute tow with a shrimp try-net approxi-
mately 75 yards off Belmont Shore, Long Beach, in three fathoms of
water. This specimen, 80 mm standard length, was taken while trawl-
ing for juvenile white seabass. Although introduced into many fresh-
water areas of California by the Department of Fish and Game, this
is the first known record from southern California ocean waters. Pos-
iA contribution of Federal Aid to Fish Restoration, California Project F 16 R,
"Barracuda-White Seabass Management Study."
FIGURE 1. Threadfm shad Dorosoma pefenense, 113 mm standard length. (Photo by Jack
W. Schott.)
FIGURE 2. Thread herring, Opisthonema libertate, 111 mm standard length. (Photo by Jack
W. Schott.)
(282 )
NOTE
283
TABLE 1
Characters for Distinguishing Threadfin Shad and Thread Herring
Characters
Species
Mouth
Pectoral fin
Dorsal-pelvic
fin relationship
Total
ventral scutes
Threadfin shad-.
inferior
extends at least to pelvic
fin insertion
dorsal origin nearly ver-
tical to pelvic insertion
25 to 27
Thread herring..
terminal..
does not reach pelvic fin
insertion
dorsal origin well in ad-
vance of pelvic inser-
tion
31 to 33
sibly the heavy rains during January and early February 1962 flushed
this individual from the Los Angeles or San Gabriel Kiver drainages.
This occurrence demonstrates a possible need for a simple means of
differentiating this species (Figure 1) from the thread herring, Opis-
thonema libertate (Giinther) (Figure 2), a similar clupeid reported
in California ocean waters (Radovich, 1961). The characters I have
listed will enable the field biologist to distinguish between the two
species easily (Table 1).
Characters were determined from 10 threadfin shad, 105 to 165 mm
standard length, from the Salton Sea and 10 thread herring, 82 to 176
mm standard length, from the Gulf of California.
LITERATURE CITED
Radovich, John
1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the northeast Pacific to water
temperatures, particularly during 1957 through 1959. Calif. Dept. Fish
and Game, Fish Bull. 112, p. 27, tab. 4.
James G. Thomas, Marine Resources Operations, California Department
of Fish and Game, June 1962.
RETIREMENTS
RICHARD S. CROKER
Richard S. Croker, Chief of Marine Resources, retired from the
Department of Fish and Game on August 31, 1962, after 33 years of
service.
His interest in the marine resources and fish and game work was
kindled by summer employment with the California Fish and Game
Commission while working toward his degree in zoology at Stanford
University. In 1927 he worked as a fish car messenger, transporting
fish from Mt. Shasta hatchery. In 1928 he worked as a student biologist
on albacore studies.
Croker commenced his permanent career with the Department of
Fish and Game in July 1929 following graduation from Stanford.
From July 1929 to 1942 he worked at Terminal Island as a biologist.
The results of his scientific investigations and research are published
in numerous bulletins. It was at this time that he was also editor of
California Fish and Game. He went on military leave from 1942 to
1946 where he served in the U.S. Army Air Force, attaining the rank
of captain with specialized training and served nine months as fisheries
officer for the occupation forces in Japan. Croker was reinstated in the
Department in 1946 and was promoted to chief of the Marine Resources
Branch. His broad and comprehensive knowledge of marine resources
and the problems involved in their management brought international
recognition to both himself and the Department of Fish and Game.
As chief of Marine Resources Branch his unique ability to foresee
into the far future of resources, plus his unselfish recommendations
for scientific management, is reflected in many of the present-day
policies.
Duties and responsibilities in addition to that of chief of Marine
Resources Branch included serving since 1947 as member of Pacific
Marine Fisheries Commission; since 1947 to date, as secretary of the
California Marine Research Committee; 1953 to date, member of Ad-
visory Committee to U.S. Section of the International North Pacific
Fisheries Commission; 1946 to date, member of Fisheries Advisory
Committee for the Department of State; October 1950 to January
1951, visiting expert assigned to Fisheries Division to investigate and
analyze the fisheries administration of Japan for the Supreme Com-
mander of Allied Powers in Tokyo; January to March 1952 as instruc-
tor, Fisheries Training Center, FAO Valparaiso, Chile; March to
April 1960, consultant and adviser for U.S. Senate Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce at second United Nations Conference
on Law of the Sea, Geneva, Switzerland; February 1961, member of
Governor Egan's Inter Agency Conference on Salmon, Juneau, Alaska.
(284 )
RETIKEMENTS 285
Croker belongs to the following professional societies : American
Fisheries Society (president) ; American Institute of Fisheries Re-
search Biologists (fellow) ; American Society of Ichthyologists and
Herpetologists (member) ; Pacific Fisheries Biologists (member).
He is also a member of the Sierra Club and the Air Force Associa-
tion.
From 1931 to 1962 his career was further enriched by numerous
trips in the interests of marine resources to Canada, Mexico, and Japan.
Vacation travels took him to Panama, Central America, and Europe.
The following inscription was found on a wall in Croker 's office:
"No life is more satisfactory than one of service to your country and
humanity, with the courage to stand up unflinchingly to your convic-
tions" (Dag Hammarskjold). Croker believes this and it seems to
epitomize his 33 years' service with the Department of Fish and Game.
Croker 's retirement will not take him from the field of marine re-
sources for he has accepted the position of Executive Director of the
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission. With his wife Annie he will
move to Portland, Oregon, headquarters of the Pacific Marine Fish-
eries Commission. There, it is hoped, he can continue to pursue his
hobbies of fishing, hunting, photography, stamp collecting, radio, and
travel.
His numerous friends and colleagues at home and abroad wish him
well. — W. T. Shannon, Director, California Department of Fish and
Game.
WILLIAM LaMARR
William LaMarr, Chief of Wildlife Protection Branch retired from
the Department of Fish and Game on May 2, 1962, after 26 years of
service. He is a native of Colorado.
Prior to his service with the State, LaMarr served in the U. S. Army
Cavalry, San Mateo County Sheriff's Office and the Palo Alto Police
Department.
He began his State service as a fire-suppression crewman with the
Division of Forestry in 1935. He advanced to Forest Fire Lookout in
1936. Later the same year he joined the old Division of Fish and Game
as an Assistant Fish and Game Warden. In 1938 he was appointed
Fish and Game Warden. LaMarr went on military leave from 1942 to
1943. In 1947 he was promoted to Fish and Game Patrol Captain.
In 1953 he was promoted to Wildlife Protection Supervisor and in
1955 was elevated to Chief Wildlife Protection Branch.
During his career in Fish and Game, LaMarr was assigned to Shasta,
Los Angeles, Monterey, Oakland, Nevada City, Truckee, Angels Camp,
Colfax, Auburn and Sacramento.
His co-workers and many friends in the Department extend best
wishes for a long and happy retirement. — W. T. Shannon, Director,
California Department of Fish and Game.
BOOK REVIEWS
The Physiology of Crustacea. Volume II — Sense Organs, Integration and Behavior
Edited by Talbot H. Waterman, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1961 ; v 4-
681 pp., 22 tables, 142 figures. $22.
Volume II continues the fine work begun in its predecessor (Vol. 1, Metabolism
and growth). The text is a review of crustacean physiology written by selected
western world authorities. They cover a wide range of material as indicated by the
following 14 chapter headings : "Light Sensitivity and Vision," "Mechanoreeeption,"
"Chemoreception and Thermoreception," "Pigmentary Effectors," "Light Produc-
tion," "The Neuromuscular System," "Reflexes and the Central Nervous System,"
"Neurohumors and Neurosecretion," "Locomotion," "Kinetic and Tactic Responses,"
"Physiological Rhythms," "Migrations," "Complex Behavior," and "Comparative
Physiology."
The authors should be complimented for using excellent photographs and drawings
and for their extensive list of up-to-date world-wide references. Also worthy of
note are the author, systematic and subject indexes.
Although little attention has been given the commercially important species of the
Pacific West Coast (two references to Cancer magister Dana), it can be a valuable
source book to the crustacean biologist. Because of this value, and because of its
expense ($22) it should be available in libraries.
The only error noted was one of binding : pages 659-674 of the subject index
were inserted between pages 352 and 353 of the text. No confusion resulted however
since these pages were repeated in their proper place. J. D. Messersmith, Cali-
fornia Department of Fish and Game.
Fishes of the Pacific Coast of Canada
By W. A. Clemens and G. V. Wilby ; Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa,
1961 ; 443 pp., 281 black and white figures, 6 color plates ; $5.
This is the second or revised edition of the only recent complete work on Canadian
Pacific Coast fishes. The first edition, published in 1946, had been out-of-print for
nearly three years.
The general arrangement of this book is quite similar to that of the first edition ;
however, the 39-page key to families and species has been greatly improved and
made easier to use. Also, with revision the total pagination went up from 368 to
443 and the number of species from 245 to 272. A new feature is the six pages of
color plates at the center of the book.
Since the first edition was so well-known and well-used by fishery workers,
students and educators everywhere, it would be superfluous on my part to describe
in detail the content of this edition. It should be mentioned, however, that the
authors have followed closely the vernacular nomenclature proposed by the Ameri-
can Fisheries Society in 1960.
The only "big" complaint I would like to register is that the authors have limited
the range for each species, "to that portion of the Pacific coast of North America
from Southern California to the Alaskan coast of the Bering Sea."
As with any undertaking of this magnitude, a few inaccuracies and erroneous
statements have crept in — a few are original but others have been carried in various
published works for years.
Regardless of these problems, the volume is an outstanding contribution to the
literature and the field of fishery biology and should grace the book shelves of every
student of fishes or fisheries whether amateur or professional. John E. Fitch,
California Department of Fish and Game.
(286 )
REVIEWS 287
Illustrated Dictionary of Tropical Fishes
By Hans Frey ; (translation from the German), T.F.H. Publications Inc., Jersey
City, N.J., 1961 ; 768 p., over 1,000 illustrations incl. 24 color plates. $7.95.
Dictionary form is used in this unique volume listing virtually every known
species of tropical fish and a number not tropical. Subjects pertinent to fish rearing
are also included : aquatic plants and insects, snails, and diseases.
The original edition, Das Aquarium von A biz Z, a popular book in communist
East Germany, has been revised to include well over 1,000 excellent illustrations
including line drawings, photographs and 24 full-page color plates. The color plates
in a few cases are somewhat exaggerated.
Fin formulas are given for many of the fishes along with brief descriptions of
other anatomical features.
A pictorial catalogue featuring microphotographs of various forms of algae and
other aquatic organisms is on the last several pages.
Minor technical errors were encountered, e.g., page 42, referring to Ampullarius,
"Aquatic plants cannot be kept with them." This is true for Ampullarius with the
exception of Ampullaria cuprina, a popular aquarium snail ; page 97, "The fishes
in these regions feed preponderantly on the larvae of Chironomus and other mos-
quitoes . . ." This error in classification and other technical errors are probably
the result of the author's endeavor to cover too large a field. Mistakes commonly
incurred in translation are present but do not detract from the technical value of
the book.
The naturalist as well as the most experienced biologist will find this a very
worthwhile reference manual for his library. J. A. St. Amant, California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game.
All About Camping
By W. K. Merrill, The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, Pa., 1962; 262 pp., il-
lustrations by Dick Pargeter and Luis M. Henderson ; $3.95.
When one sees the colloquial phrase of comparison, "all about — something," his
first reaction is usually one of doubt. Admittedly, this was my first reaction. But
like most first reactions, mine changed after reading this book. If it is not "all about
camping" it is about as close as is presently available between the covers of a single
volume. Everything from an extensive list of camping areas within the United
States to details for the care of pack animals is discussed. Some subjects are dealt
with in a sentence or two, while an entire chapter is devoted to others. A rather
extensive bibliography refers the reader to more exhaustive literary works on spe-
cific subjects.
Three chapters covering three separate but related subjects are particularly note-
worthy. These are: "Pathfinding by compass" (how to make practical use of a
compass) ; "Pathfinding with maps" (how to read and use topographic maps) ; and
"Outdoor measurement" (how to determine height and distance in the field without
the customary measuring aids). All three technical subjects are amazingly clear
and complete.
The author has drawn upon knowledge gained during nearly a half century of
experience in the wilderness. His youth was spent on the Colville Indian Reservation
and most of his adult life has been with the National Park Service as a park
ranger, primarily in California. Sometime between 1922 and 1927 he was an em-
ployee of the California Fish and Game Commission.
All About Camping is appropriately summarized by a short quote from the
"Foreword," written by Secretary of the Interior Steward L. Udall. "Here, in a
volume small enough to be tucked into a knapsack, is a ready reference filled with
camping hints and woodlore gleaned from W. K. Merrill's years of experience as a
park ranger — covering all those numerous details that make camping a comfortable
and rewarding experience instead of a bedraggled comedy of camping errors."
William L. Craig, California Department of Fish and Game.
California Desert Wildflowers
By Philip A. Munz, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962; 122 p., 96
color photos, 172 line drawings, 2 maps ; $2.95 paperbound.
California Desert Wild flowers is the second of three little books on California
flowering plants that Dr. Munz has undertaken to produce for the person with no
particular botanical training but with an avid interest in our native flora.
288 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
For ease of use, the book has been arranged into five sections, four according to
flower color with ferns and conehearers in the other.
The illustrations .are all excellent, whether line drawings or color plates, and are
the backbone of the publication. There are no "keys" other than flower color so
identification is a matter of recognition and remembrance. The two indexes (one
to color plates and the other to common and scientific names) speed the task of
finding a species for which one recalls the name but little else.
The brief species descriptions include details on plant size, blooming season, gen-
eral appearance of the flowering plant, geographical distribution, habitat prefer-
ences, and distinguishing characters or peculiarities. John E. Fit'-h, California
Department of Fish and Game.
Manual of Ski Mountaineering
Edited by David Brower ; Sierra Club, San Francisco, California, 1962; xxii -4-
224 pp., 32 pp. of photographs, many diagrams; cloth $3.75.
This" book represents the third edition (revised and brought up to date) of a work
that has long been out of print. Two editions with two printings of the second attest
to its previous popularity. Although the name of the book implies it is for the ski
mountaineer, its contents have wide application. It has useful information to the
cold weather camper, the fisherman rock climbing to that "inaccessible"' spot or to
the hiker on the top of a mountain in a lightning storm who has an. "overwhelming
desire to be back in camp."
This manual is not designed to condense all that is known on the subject bul
does a masterful job in presenting the basic fundamentals of how to make a safe
and sane winter excursion.
The following chapter titles give an idea of the subjects covered: 1. Warmth;
2. Equipment ; 3. Climbers and Waxes ; 4. Water ; 5. Food ; 6. The Technique of
Travel ; 7. Selecting a Campsite ; 8. Shelter ; 9. Miscellaneous Notes on Camping :
10. Snow Formation and Avalanches; 11. Compass and Map; 12. First Aid; 13.
Transportation of the Injured; 14. The Ski Mountaineering Test; 15. Mountaineer-
ing Routes; 16. Rock-Climbing; 17. Ice-Climbing; and the appendix — Check List
of Equipment.
This is a valuable reference book of the subject and is highly recommended for
those planning cold weather or snow trips or for others just wanting to lie prepared
in case an emergency does arise. Jack L. Hiehle, California Department of Fish
and Game.
INDEX TO VOLUME 48
Abramson, Norman J. : Estimating the
number of angling license pur-
chasers, 253-255
Acipenser trans montanus: food study, 79
Adenostoma fasciculatum: deer browse,
56
Ages : albacore, 44 ; Pacific mackerel,
1958-59, 222 ; Pismo clam, 35 ;
sardines in 1959-60, 232 ; white
sturgeon, 79
Aix sponsa: on northwest coast, 68
Albacore: age determination, 39-48 ;
bluespot goby in stomach, 250 ;
eye lens proteins, 199 ; survey
in northeastern Pacific Ocean
1960, 179-198; taken by purse
seiners, 81
Allenrolfea occidentalis: dove habitat, 92
Ammonium nitrate: used on browse
plants, 272
Ammonium phosphate: used on browse
plants: 269
Anas acuta: on northwest coast, 65
Anas carolinensis: on northwest coast, 69
Anas cyanoptera: on northwest coast, 68
Anas discors: on northwest coast, 6S
Anas platyrhynchos: on northwest coast,
65
Anas strepera: on northwest coast, 69
Anchovies: albacore bait, 181; common
names, 24
Angler: nonresponse of tag returns, 5
Annuli: determination for albacore
scales, 42
Anotopterus pharao: from albacore stom-
ach, 196
Anser albifrons frontalis: on northwest
coast, 67
Arctostaphylos mariposa: as deer browse,
53 ; effects of fertilizing, 275
Argentines: common names, 24
Arrow-weed: dove food, 95
Artemisia tridentata: in bitterbrush
study area, 203
A triplex spp. : dove habitat, 92
Ay thy a affinis: on northwest coast, 69
Aythya americana: on northwest coast,
69
Aythya valisineria: on northwest coast
72
B
Bag limit: effect on striped bass catch,
158
Bairdiella: in Salton Sea, 126
Bairdiella icistius: in Salton Sea, 126
Baja California: sardine catch in 1959-
60, 235
Baldwin Hills: fossil gobv otoliths
found, 250
Banding: waterfowl at Humboldt Bav,
69
Barracudas: common names, 32
Bass, kelp: eye lens proteins, 199
Bathythermograph: records during alba-
core cruise, 183
Baxter, John L.: The Pismo clam in
1960, 35-37; see Ripley, Cox
and Baxter, 228-231
Behavior: blacksmith nesting, 243 ; blue-
spot goby nesting, 249
Bell, Robert R.: Age determination of
the Pacific albacore of the Cali-
fornia coast, 39-48
Big Bear Lake: pond smelt introduced,
142 ; reward program for tagged
trout, 12
Big Lagoon: duck habitat, 66
Billfishes: common names, 29
Bitterbrush: stocking and spacing re-
quirements, 203-208
Blacksmith: nesting behavior, eggs and
larvae, 243
Blennies, combtooth: common names, 32
Elite, sea: as dove food, 95
Bonefishes: common names, 23
Branta bernicla hrota: on northwest
coast, 67
Branta canadensis fulva: on northwest
coast, 67
Branta canadensis minima: on north-
west coast, 67
Branta canadensis parvipes: on north-
west coast, 67
Branta nigricans: on northwest coast,
65
Brant, American: on northwest coast, 67
Brant, black: on northwest coast, 65
Bromus tectorum: in bitterbrush study
area, 203
Browning, Bruce M.: Food habits of the
mourning dove in California,
91-115
Browse plants: deer, 49 ; response to
fertilizers, 268
Browsing factor: effect on shrubs, 50
Bucephala albeola: on northwest coast,
69
Bucephala clangula americana: on north-
west coast, 67
Bucks Lake Dam: salmon spawning in
stream below, 77
Bush, flannel: deer browse, 52
Butler, Robert L.: Recognition and re-
turn of trout tags by California
anglers, 5-18
( 289)
290
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Butte County: food items of dove, 96
Butterfishes : common names, 32
California, central: sardine catch in
1959-60, 232
California Current : during 1960 alba-
core cruise, 187
California, southern: sardine catch in
1959-60, 235
Canedav, Robert H. : see Craig and
Caneday, 179-198
Canneries: sardine in 1959-60, 233, 235
Cannibalism: bairdiella in Salton Sea,
126
Carassius auratus: in Big Bear Lake,
142
Carlisle, John G., Jr.: An unusual catch
of a large number of Pacific
round herring off Long Beach,
California, 209
Carquinez Strait: striped bass fishery,
161
Catch records: evaluation of party boat,
155-171 ; from postal card sur-
veys, 172-173 ; striped bass
sportfishing, 153-177
Cattle: influence on browse, 53
Ceanothus cuneatus: deer browse, 53 ;
fertilization studies, 268
Ceanothus leucodermis: deer browse, 53
Ceanothus, wedgeleaf: deer browse, 53 ;
fertilization studies, 268
Cedar, salt: dove food, 95
Census: ducks, 68 ; Pismo clam, 35-37 ;
sea lion, 22S
Cercocarpus betuloides: deer browse, 52
Chadwick, Harold K.: Catch records
from the striped bass sport-
fishery in California, 153-177
Chamise: deer browse, 56
Cheatgrass: in bitterbrush study area,
203
Chen hyperborea hyperborea: on north-
west coast, 67
Chimaeras: common names, 23
Chromis punctipinnis: nesting behavior,
eggs and larvae, 243
Chrysothamnus spp.: in bitterbrush
study area, 203
Clam, Pismo: census results, 35-37
Clinids: common names, 32
Clupea pallasi: spawning in San Fran-
cisco Bay, 169
Codfishes: common names, 25
Cololabis saira: seen during albacore
cruise, 186, 196
Columbia River: albacore caught off, 82
Combfishes: common names, 31
Competition: among plants with bitter-
brush, 206 ; for space among
vegetation, 49, 62
Contracaecum legendrei: nematode par-
asitic in albacore, 186
Coot: at Humboldt Bay, 68
Corophium spinicorne: sturgeon food, 79
Coryphopterus nicholsi: nesting behav-
ior, eggs and larvae, 249
Cox, K. W.: see Ripley, Cox and Bax-
ter, 228-231
Craig, William L., and Robert H. Cane-
day: The 1960 preseason alba-
core survey in the northeastern
Pacific Ocean, 179-198
Crappie: in Big Bear Lake, 142
Croakers: common names, 26
Croker, Richard S.: retirement, 284
Crops: dove, 91
Cutlassfishes: common names, 28
Cynoscion xanthulus: in Salton Sea, 127
Damselfishes: common names, 28
Decapterus hypodus: at Monterey Bav,
210
Deer: dieoffs from overpopulation, 126 ;
pellet counts, 52 ; pellet counts
on San Joaquin winter range,
269 ; San Joaquin winter
range, 268 ; utilization of
browse, 56
Delisle, Glenn E.: Water velocities tol-
erated by spawning kokanee
salmon, 77-78
Del Xorte County: waterfowl area, 65
Delta: site for hypothetical salmon fish-
ery, 258
Denson, Eley P., Jr.: see Yocom and
Denson, 65-76
Distichlis spicata: dove habitat, 92
Distinction: threadfin shad from thread
herring, 282-283
Dodge Reservoir: pond smelt introduced,
142
Dolphins: common names. 26
Dormitator latifrons: new to California.
220
DorosoiiHi petenense: in southern Cali-
fornia ocean waters, 282
Dove, mourning : food habits of, 91-115
Duck, American golden-eye : on north-
west coast, tiT
Duck, bufflehead : at Humboldt Bay, 68
Duck, canvasback : on northwest coast,
72
Duck, gadwall : on northwest coast, 69
Duck, harleouin : on northwest coast,
67
Duck, lesser scaup : on northwest coast,
69
Duck, pintail : on northwest coast, 65
Duck, redhead : on northwest coast, 69
Duck, ruddy : on northwest coast, 69
Duck, shoveler : at Humboldt Bay, 68
Duck, wood : on northwest coast, 68
Dwinnell Reservoir : pond smelt intro-
duced, 142
INDEX
291
Ebert, Earl E. : see Turner and Ebert,
243-248
Ebert, Earl E.. and C. H. Turner : The
nesting behavior, eggs and lar-
vae of the bluespot goby, 249-
252
Eggs : blacksmith, 246 ; bluespot gobv,
250
Electrophoretic characteristics : of fish
eye lens proteins, 199-201
Eleocharis macrostachya: in Lake Earl,
67
Eleotris pica: relative of Pacific fat
sleeper, 220
EngrauUs mordax: albacore bait, 181
Etrumeus accuminatus: caught near
Long Beach, 209
Eucidaris thouarsii: new to California,
216
Eumetopias jubata: census, 228"^^
Euphorbia spp. : dove food, 104
Filefishes : common names, 33
Fire : effect on vegetation, 57
Fishery : Pacific mackerel, 1958-59, 222
Fitch, John E. : A sea urchin, a lob-
ster and a fish, new to the ma-
rine fauna of California, 216-
221
Flounders, lefteye : common names, 32
Flounders, righteye : common names, 33
Flyingfishes : common names, 25
Flyway, Pacific : importance to water-
fowl, 65
Food habits : dove, 91-115
Fremontia californica: deer browse, 52
Freshwater Lagoon : duck habitat, 66 ;
pond smelt introduced, 142
Frey, Herbert W. : A range extension
for the Mexican scad to Mon-
terey Bay, California, 210-211
Fry, Donald H., Jr. : Potential profits
in the California salmon fish-
ery, 256-267
G
Garibaldi : preying on blacksmith eggs,
246
Gates, Doyle E., and R. S. Wolf: Age
and length composition of the
sardine catch off the Pacific
Coast of the United States and
Mexico in 1959-60, 232-242
Gibbens, R. P., and Rex D. Pieper :
The response of browse plants
to fertilization, 268-281
Gibbens, R. P., and A. M. Schultz :
manipulation of shrub form
and browse production in game
range improvement, 49-64
Gobies : common names, 29
Goby, bluespot : nesting behavior, eggs
and larvae, 249-252
Goldfish: in Big Bear Lake, 142
Goose, cackling Canada : on northwest
coast, 67
Goose, Canada : on northwest coast, 67
Goose, Emperor : on northwest coast,
67
Goose, lesser Canada : on northwest
coast, 67
Goose, lesser snow : on northwest coast,
67
Goose, white-fronted : on northwest
coast, 67
Grass, eel : duck food. 67
Grass, salt : dove habitat, 92
Greenlings : common names, 31
Growth curve : albacore, 45
Grunts : common names, 26
Guitarfishes : common names, 22
Guppies : reproduction in aquaria, 127
H
Hagfishes : common names. 21
Hakes : common names, 25
Halfmoons : common names, 27
Hermosa Beach : nesting gobies seen,
250
Herring, Pacific : spawning in San
Francisco Bay, 169
Herrings : common names, 23
Herring, thread : distinguished from
threadfin shad, 282
Hirudinella fusca: parasitic in albacore,
186
Histrioniciis histrionicus: on northwest
coast, 67
Honeysuckle, as deer browse, 53
Horseshoe Kelp : round herring caught
at, 209
Hubbard, Richard L., Pinhas Zusman
and H. Reed Sanderson : Bit-
terbrush stocking and minimum
spacing with crested wheat-
grass, 203-208
Humboldt County : waterfowl area, 65
Hypomesus olidus: from Japan, 141
Hyatt, Harold : The southern Califor-
nia mackerel fishery and age
composition of the Pacific
mackerel catch for the 1958-59
season, 222-227
Hypsypops rubicunda: preying on black-
smith eggs, 246
I
Icichthys lockingtoni: from albacore
stomachs, 196
Imperial Valley : food items of dove,
100
Increment, annual : for albacore, 45
Iodine bush : dove habitat, 92
Jacks, common names, 26
Jenkinson Lake : pond smelt introduced,
142
2i>:
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Juniper: in bitterbrush study area, 203
Juniperus occidentalis: in bitterbrush
study area, 203
K
Kern County: food items of dove, 90-98
Kern River : reward program for re-
turning tagged trout, 10
Killifishes: common names. 2."
Kinsman Flat: browse fertilization
area, 269
L
Lake Earl : duck habitat, 66
Lake Pillsbury : rewards for tagged
trout, 11
Lake Talawa : duck habitat, 66
LaMarr, William : retirement, 285
Lampara boats : making sardine catch.
233, 235
Lances, sand : common names. :tl
Lancetfishes. common names, 24
Larvae : blacksmith, 247 ; bluespot goby,
251 ; lobster, 218
Lebistes reticulatus: reproduction in
aquaria, 127
Length frequency : albacore, 44
License, angling: estimating purchasers,
253
Lion Point : browse fertilization area.
269
Lizardfishes : common names, 24
Lobster, pinto : new to California, 218
Long Beach : round herring caught near,
209
Lonicera interrupta: deer browse, 53
Lophortyw californica: skeletal differ-
ences, 117
Lophotus sp. : from albacore stomach,
196
Los Angeles Harbor: mackerel catch
near. 223
Louvara : common name, 29
M
.Mackerel, jack: seen during albacore
cruise, 186. 196 ; with round
herring, 209
.Mackerel. Pacific: catch and age,
1958-59, 222: with round her-
ring. 209
Mackerels : common names, 28
Madera County: deer browse study. I>2
Mahogany, mountain : deer browse. ."".:!
Mallards: on northwest coast, 65
Mantas : common names, 23
Manzanita, Mariposa: deer browse, 53;
effects of fertilizing, 269
}farera americana: on northwest coast,
67
tfareca penelope: on northwest coast,
67
Mead, Rodney : A method of distinguish-
ing mountain and valley quail
by skeletal analysis, 117-121
Melanitta deglundi dixoni: on northwest
coast, 69
Melanitta perspicillata: on northwest
coast, 69
Merganser, American : on northwest
coast, 67
Merganser, red-breasted : on northwest
coast, 67
M cry us merganser americanus: on north-
west coast, 67
Mergus scrrator serrator: on northwest
coast, 67
Mesquite : dove habitat, 92
Methods : albacore purse seining, 81 ;
applying fish common names,
20 ; browse study, 50 ; census-
ing Pismo clams, 35 ; collecting
dove crops, 95 ; counting sea
lions. 228 ; determining alba-
core age, 39 ; determining bit-
terbrush condition, 204 ; deter-
mining potential salmon fishery
profits, 258 ; determining weight
of ceanothus, 55 ; distinguish-
ing quail by their skeletons,
117-118 ; distinguishing thread-
fin shad from thread herring,
282 ; electrophoresing fish eye
lenses, 199 ; estimating angling
license purchasers, 253 ; evalu-
ating partyboat records, 155 ;
fertilizing browse plants, 269 ;
fishing for striped bass, 169 ;
locating albacore schools, 181 ;
observing blacksmith nesting,
244 ; observing goby nesting,
250 ; obtaining trout tag re-
turns, 6 ; sturgeon food study,
79 ; tagging and marking trout,
(i ; taking oceanographic data,
181 ; water velocity determina-
tion, 77
Midge: sturgeon food, 79
Migrations: ducks, 65
Milk, dove : nestling food. 102
Modoc County : bitterbrush plants in,
203
Molas : common names, 33
Monterev Bay : Mexican scad caught,
210
Morays : common names, 24
Morro Bay : Pismo clam situation, 37
Mullets : common names, 32
Myctophidae : seen during albacore
cruise, 186, 196
Myctophum ajjine: collected during alba-
core cruise, 196
N
Names, common : reasons for having, 19
Neanthes succinea: in Salton Sea, 126
needlefishes : common names, 25
Neomy8%8 mercedis: sturgeon food, 79
Nesting : waterfowl on northwest Cali-
fornia coast, 68
INDEX
293
Nets, gill : for salmon fishing, 258
Nets, nylon : cost for salmon fishery, 264
Nibblers : common names, 27
Notolepis coruscans: from albacore
stomachs, 196
Occurrence : threadfin shad in southern
California ocean waters, 282
Oidemia niger americana: on northwest
coast, 67
Olor columbianus: on northwest coast,
67
Opisthoneiita liber tat e: distinguished
from threadfin shad, 282
Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyii: spawn-
ing study. 77
Opahs : common names, 25
Grangemouth corvina : in Salton Sea,
127
Oreortyx picta: skeletal differences, 117
Otoliths : bluespot goby, 250
OxyjuUs californica: preying on black-
smith eggs, 246
Oxyura jamaicensis: on northwest coast,
69
Palos Verdes : new fish collected there,
220
Pdnulirus gracilis: new to California,
218
Panulirus interruptus: compared with
pinto lobster. 218
Paralabrax clathratus: eye lens pro-
teins, 199
Parathunnus sibi: caught near Fieber-
ling Guyot, 183
Partyboat : striped bass catch, 153
Philacte canagica: on northwest coast,
67
Pilchard, South African : pilchard egg
predators, 127
I'inieloDietopoii pulchrum: blacksmith
egg predators, 246
Pine, ponderosa : in Modoc County, 204
Pinus ponderosa: in Modoc County, 204
Pipefishes : common names, 25
Pismo Beach : Pismo clam situation, 35
Pluehea sericea: dove food, 95
Plumas County : Kokanee salmon study,
77
Pomfrets : common names, 26
Pomoxis nigromaculatus: in Big Bear
Lake, 142
Pompanos : common names, 26
Porgies : common names, 27
Pneumatophorus diego: catch and age in
1958-59, 222-227
Potamogeton pectinatus: in Lake Earl,
67
Predators : on blacksmith eggs, 246 ; on
pilchard eggs, 127
Pricklebacks : common names, 32
Prosopis juliflora: dove habitat, 92
Purshia trident at a: stocking and spac-
ing requirements, 203-208
Q
Quail, mountain : skeletal differences, 117
Quail, valley : skeletal differences, 117
Rabbitbrush : in bitterbrush studv area.
203
Radovich, John : Effects of sardine
spawning stock size and envi-
ronment on year-class produc-
tion, 123-140
Rays, eagle : common names, 23
Rays, electric : common names, 22
Recoveries : banded ducks, 72 ; trout
tags, 8
Redberry : deer browse, 53
Reefs, artificial : site of goby nesting.
250
Remoras : common names, 33
Retirement : Richard S. Croker, 284 ;
William LaMarr, 285
Reviews : All about camping, 287 ; Ani-
mal behavior, 212 ; Animal ecol-
ogy, 145-146 ; Animal sounds
and communications, 85 ; At-
lantic Ocean fisheries, 83 ;
Birds of the world, 146; Cali-
fornia desert wildflowers, 287 ;
Deep sea trawling and wing
trawling, 143 ; Dolphins, the
myth and the mammal, 145 ;
Fishes of the Pacific coast of
Canada, 286; Illustrated dic-
tionary of tropical fishes, 287 ;
Living fishes of the world, 83 ;
Man and dolphin, 84-85 ; Man-
ual of ski mountaineering, 288 ;
Mollusks of the tropical east-
ern Pacific, Panamic-Pacific
Pelecypoda, 147-148 ; New Mex-
ico birds, 85-86 ; 130 Feet down ;
handbook for hydronauts, 148 ;
Parasitology of fishes, 147 ;
Physiology of Crustacea, II,
Sense organs, integration and
behavior, 286 ; Porpoises and
sonar, 144 ; The Great Barrier
Reef and adjacent isles, S4 ;
The living land, 146-147; The
natural history of North Amer-
ican amphibians and reptiles,
144-145 ; The natural history of
the Lewis and Clark Expedi-
tion, 212; The salmon, 143;
Things to do in science and con-
servation, 84
Rhamnus crocea ilicifolia: deer browse,
53
Ribbonfishes : common names, 25
294
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
Ripley, Wm. Ellis, K. W. Cox and J. L.
Baxter : California sea lion cen-
sus for 1958, 1960 and 1961,
228-231
Roccus saxatilis: California sportfisherv,
153
Rockfishes : common names, 29
Roedel, Phil M. : The names of certain
marine fishes of California, 19
Round herring, Pacific: catch off Long
Beach, 209
Sablefishes, common names. 31
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta : striped
bass fishery, 153
Sagebrush, big : in bitterbrush study
area, 203
Salmo gairdnerii: tagging, 6 ; require-
ments in Japan, 141
Salmon, kokanee : spawning study, 77
Salmon : potential profits in fishery, 256
Salmons : common names, 24
Saltbush : dove habitat, 92
Salton Sea : threadfin shad from, 282
Sanderson, H. Reed : see Hubbard, Zus-
man and Sanderson, 203-208
San Diego formation : fossil goby otoliths
found, 250
San Diego : pinto lobster taken, 218
San Francisco Bay : striped bass fishery,
169
San Joaquin County : sturgeon study, 79
San Luis Obispo County : food items of
dove, 99-100
San Pablo Bay : striped bass fishery, 163
Santa Catalina Island : blacksmiths nest-
ing, 243
Santa Monica : nesting gobies seen, 250
Sardine, Pacific : age and length in 1959-
60, 232; catastrophic decline,
123 ; fish egg predators, 127
Sardinops caerulea: age and length in
1959-60, 232; catastrophic de-
cline, 123; fish egg predators,
127
Saury, Pacific: seen during albacore
cruise, 186, 196
Sauries: common names, 25
Scad, Mexican: at Monterey Bay, 210
Scads: common names, 26
Scales: for aging albacore, 39
Scirpus americanus: in Lake Earl, 67
Scirpus acutus: in Lake Earl, 67
Schreiber, Max R.: Observations on the
food habits of juvenile white
sturgeon, 79-80
Schultz, A. M.: see Gibbens and Schultz,
49-64
Scoter, American : on northwest coast,
67
Scoter, surf: on northwest coast, 69
Scoter, white-winged: on northwest
coast, 69
Sculpins: common names. 31
Sea basses: common names, 25
Sea chubs: common names, 27
Sea lion: California: census, 228
Sea lion, Steller: census, 228
Seamount, Davidson: bluespot goby, 250
Seamount, San Juan : albacore caught,
82
Searobins: common names, 31
Seiners, purse: making sardine catch,
233, 235
Seining, purse: for albacore, 81
Senorita: preying on blacksmith eggs,
246
Shad, threadfin : in southern California
waters, 282
Sharks, angel: common names, 22
Sharks, cat: common names, 21
Sharks, cow: common names, 21
Sharks, dogfish: common names, 22
Sharks, frill: common names, 21
Sharks, hammerhead : common names,
22
Sharks, horn: common names, 21
Sharks, mackerel: common names, 21
Sharks, requiem: common names, 21
Sharks, whale: common names, 21
Shaver, John A.: Purse seining for Pa-
cific albacore, 81-82
Sheephead: blacksmith egg predator, 246
Shrubs: factors affecting growth, 49 ;
utilization by deer, 56
Silversides: common names, 32
Skates : common names, 22
Skeletal analysis : quail, 117-121
Sleeper, Pacific fat : new to California,
220
Smelt, pond : from Japan, 141-142
Smelts : common names, 24
Smith, Albert C. : The electrophoretic
characteristics of albacore,
bluefin tuna and kelp bass eye
lens proteins, 199-201
Source Point : burn, 58
Spaulding Reservoir : pond smelt intro-
duced, 142
Spawning : Kokanee salmon, 78
Squaretails : common names, 32
Squid : seen during albacore cruise, 196
St. Catherines Bay : new sea urchin col-
lected, 216
Sticklebacks : common names, 25
Stingrays : common names, 23
Stone Lagoon : duck habitat, 66
Striped bass: California sportfisherv,
153-177
Sturgeons : common names, 23
Sturgeon, white : food habits, 79
Suaeda spp. : dove food, 95
Suisun Bay : striped bass fishery, 171
Surfperches : common names, 27
Survey, postcard : striped bass, 172
Swan, whistling: on northwest coast, 67
Swordfishes : common names, 29
INDEX
295
Tag : recognizing on fish, 8 ; comparison
of returns from trout, 8-9 ; re-
tention by anglers, 9 ; reward
for returning, 10 ; striped bass
returns, 173 ; type used on
trout, 14
Tagging : salmon, 259 ; shrubs, 56 ; twigs,
269
Tamarix aphylla: dove nesting tree, 95
Tarletonbeania crenularis: collected dur-
ing albacore cruise, 196
Tarpons : common names, 23
Teal, blue-winged : on northwest coast,
68
Teal, cinnamon : on northwest coast, 68
Teal, green-winged : on northwest coast,
69
Tetragonurus sp. : from albacore stom-
achs, 196
Thomas, James C. : The occurrence and
distinction of threadfin shad in
southern- California ocean wa-
ters, 282-283
Th annus germo: aging, 39 ; eye lens pro-
teins, 199 ; preseason survey,
1960, 179-198; taken by purse
seiners, 81
Thunnus saliens: eye lens proteins, 199
Tilefishes : common names, 26
Timms Point : fossil goby otoliths found,
250
Toadfishes : common names, 33
Tonguefishes : common names, 33
Trachurus symmetricus: seen during al-
bacore cruise, 186, 196
Triggerfishes : common names, 33
Trout, brown : spawning with kokanee
salmon, 77
Trout, rainbow : requirements in Japan,
141 ; tagging methods, 6
Trouts : common names, 24
Tunicates : seen during albacore cruise,
196
Tuna, bigeye : caught near Fieberling
Guyot, 183
Tuna, bluefin : eye lens proteins, 199
Tunas : common names, 28
Turner, Charles H. and E. E. Ebert : The
nesting of Chromis punctipinnis
(Cooper) and a description of
their eggs and larvae, 243-248
Turner, C. H. : see Ebert and Turner,
249-252
u
Underwood soil series : for classifying
soil, 204
Urchin, club-spined : new to California,
216
V
Velella lata: seen during albacore cruise,
187
Vertebrae : for aging albacore, 39
Vinciguerria nimbai'ia: from albacore
stomachs, 196
w
Wales, Joseph H. : Introduction of pond
smelt from Japan into Califor-
nia, 141-142
Waterfowl : banding at Humboldt Bay,
69 ; importance of California
northwest coastal areas, 65-76 ;
recoveries of banded, 72-75
Weed, noxious : utilization bv doves, 100-
102
Wheatgrass, crested : planted with bitter-
brush, 203-20S
Whitethorn, chaparral : deer browse, 53
Widgeon, American : on northwest coast,
67
Widgeon, European : on northwest coast,
67
Wolffishes : common names, 32
Wrasses : common names, 28
Worm, polychaete : in Salton Sea, 126
Yocom, Charles F. and Eley P. Denson,
Jr. : Importance of northwest
coastal California to water-
fowl, 65-76
Zalophus calif or nianus: census, 228
Zenaidura macroura: food habits, 91
Zostera marina: as duck food, 67
Zusman, Pinhas: see Hubbard, Zusman
and Sanderson, 203-208
69171 7-62 5,300
printed in California state printing office
Notice is hereby given, pursuant to Section 206 of the Fish
and Game Code, that the Fish and Game Commission shall
meet on October 5, 1962 at 9:30 a.m. in the Employment
Building, 722 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento, California, to
receive recommendations from its own officers and employees,
from the Department of Fish and Game and other public
agencies, from organizations of private citizens, and from any
interested person as to what, if any, regulations should be made
relating to fish, amphibia, and reptiles, or any species or
subspecies thereof.
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
Monica O'Brien, Secretary
Notice is hereby given, in accordance with Section 206 of the
Fish and Game Code, that the Fish and Game Commission shall
meet on December 7, 1962 at 9:30 a.m. in Room 115, State
Building, 217 West First Street, Los Angeles, California, to hear
and consider any objections to its determinations and proposed
regulations in relation to fish, amphibia, and reptiles for the
1963 angling season, such determinations and orders resulting
from hearing held on October 5, 1962.
FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
Monica O'Brien, Secretary
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